Abdullah, Mohamed Murad. 1996. Juvenile Delinquency Indicators, trans. Mohamed Abdel-Rahman. Police Studies No. 54. Dubai: Dubai Police General Headquarters Research and Studies Centre.Google Scholar

Abrahamian, Atossa Araxia. 2012. “Special Report: Passports … for a Price.” Reuters, February 12. www.reuters.com/article/us-passport-idUSTRE81B05A20120212.Google Scholar

Abrahamian, Atossa Araxia. 2015. The Cosmopolites: The Coming of the Global Citizen. New York: Columbia Global Reports.Google Scholar

Absal, Rayeesa. 2008. “Stateless People’s Registration to End.” Gulf News, November 5.Google Scholar

Achiume, Tendayi E., Aleinikoff, Alexander, Cavallaro, James, Chetail, Vincent, Cryer, Robert, O Cuinn, Gearoid, Dannenbaum, Tom J., et al. 2017. The Situation in Nauru and Manus Island: Liability for Crimes against Humanity in the Detention of Refugees and Asylum Seekers. www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Communiqu%C3%A9-to-Office-Prosecutor-IntlCrimCt-Art15RomeStat-14Feb2017.pdf.Google Scholar

Ahlin, Christian, and Bose, Pinaki. 2007. “Bribery, Inefficiency, and Bureaucratic Delay.” Journal of Development Economics 84 (1): 465–486.Google Scholar

Ahmad, Attiya. 2012. “Beyond Labor: Foreign Residents in the Persian Gulf.” In Migrant Labor in the Persian Gulf, edited by Kamrava, Mehran and Babar, Zahra, 21–40. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Akram, Susan, and Syring, Tom, eds. 2014. Still Waiting for Tomorrow: The Law and Politics of Unresolved Refugee Crises. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar

Al Ameeri, Saeed Mohammad. 2004. “The Baloch in the Arabian Gulf States.” In The Baloch and Their Neighbours, edited by Jahani, Carina and Korn, Agnes, 237–245. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.Google Scholar

Al Jandaly, Bassma. 2008. “Emirati Passports Not Enough for IDs.” GulfNews, October 27. www.pressreader.com/uae/gulf-news/20081027/281573761526033.Google Scholar

Al Qassemi, Sultan. 2010. “Book That Proves Some Emiratis Are More Equal than Others.” The National, February 7. www.thenational.ae/uae/book-that-proves-some-emiratis-are-more-equal-than-others-1.524231.Google Scholar

Al Qassemi, Sultan 2016. “United Arab Emigrants: Stories of Pioneer Arab Migrants Who Became Emirati.” Medium, July 26. https://medium.com/@SultanAlQassemi/united-arab-emigrants-92314e7f3eca.Google Scholar

Al Dailami, Ahmed. 2014. “Crude Nations: Histories of Oil, State, and Society in the Arab Gulf.” PhD Dissertation, Faculty of History, University of Oxford.Google Scholar

Al-Fahim, Mohamed. 1995. From Rags to Riches: A Story of Abu Dhabi. London: The London Centre for Arab Studies.Google Scholar

Al Khouri, Ali. 2010. “The Challenge of Identity in a Changing World: The Case of GCC Countries.” In Proceedings of the 21st-Century Gulf: The Challenge of Identity, June 30–July 3, 1–7. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter.Google Scholar

Allen, Calvin. 1981. “The Indian Merchant Community of Masquat.” School of Oriental and African Studies 44 (1): 39–53.Google Scholar

Al-Muhairi, Butti Butti Ali, Sultan. 1996. “The Development of the UAE Legal System and Unification with the Judicial System.” Arab Law Quaterly 11 (2): 116–160.Google Scholar

Al-Qasimi, Sultan. 1986. The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf. New York and London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar

Al-Sayegh, Fatma. 1998. “Merchants’ Role in a Changing Society: The Case of Dubai, 1900–1990.” Middle Eastern Studies 34 (1, January): 87–102.Google Scholar

Amnesty International. 2015. “Without Paper, I Am No One” – Stateless People in the Dominican Republic. London: Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr27/2755/2015/en/.Google Scholar

Amnesty International 2016. “Where Are We Going to Live?” Migration and Statelessness in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. AMR 36/4105/2016. Amnesty International. www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=amr36%2f4105%2f2016&language=en.Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. 3rd revised ed. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Anderson, Bridget. 2018. “About Time Too: Precarity and Life Stage in Labour Migration.” Presented at “Labor Migration: Global and Comparative Dimensions” Workshop, Max Planck Institute, University of Göttingen, Germany, May 18.Google Scholar

Andersson, Ruben. 2014. Illegality, Inc. California Series in Public Anthropology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Andonova, Liliana B. 2004. Transnational Politics of the Environment: The European Union and Environmental Policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Arendt, Hannah. 1976. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar

Assemblée de l’Union. 2008. Loi relative à la citoyenneté économique en Union des Comores (Law Concerning Economic Citizenship for the Union of the Comoros). www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c582c692.pdfGoogle Scholar

Auyero, Javier. 2012. Patients of the State. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Avaro, Dante. 2014. “Citizen Traceability: Surveillance à la Argentina.” Journal of Power, Politics & Governance 2 (3–4): 93–113.Google Scholar

Baldwin-Edwards, Martin. 2011. Labour Immigration and Labour Markets in the GCC Countries: National Patterns and Trends. Research Paper, Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States. London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar

Barbero, Iker. 2012. “Orientalising Citizenship: The Legitimation of Immigration Regimes in the European Union.” Citizenship Studies 16 (5–6): 751–768.Google Scholar

Bauböck, Rainer. 2017. “Democratic Representation in Mobile Societies.” In Multicultural Governance in a Mobile World, edited by Triandafyllidou, Anna, 283–306. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Bearce, David H., and Laks Hutnick, Jennifer A.. 2011. “Toward an Alternative Explanation for the Resource Curse: Natural Resources, Immigration, and Democratization.” Comparative Political Studies 44 (6): 689–718.Google Scholar

Beaugrand, Claire. 2010. “Statelessness and Transnationalism in Northern Arabia: Biduns and State Building in Kuwait, 1959–2009.” London School of Economics and Political Science. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.Google Scholar

Beckett, Samuel. 1955. Waiting for Godot: A Tragicomedy in Two Acts. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar

Bergeron, Claire. 2014. “Temporary Protected Status after 25 Years: Addressing the Challenge of Long-Term ‘Temporary’ Residents and Strengthening a Centerpiece of US Humanitarian Protection.” Journal on Migration and Human Security 2 (1): 22–43.Google Scholar

Berkeley, Bill. 2009. “Stateless People, Violent States.” World Policy Journal 26 (1): 3–15.Google Scholar

Bilkhair, Aisha. 2006. Afro-Emarati: A Unique Historical Experience. The Slave Route research publication, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.Google Scholar

Birks, J. S., and Sinclair, C. A. 1980. Arab Manpower: The Crisis of Development. New York: St Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Bishara, Fahad. 2012. “A Sea of Debt: Histories of Commerce and Obligation in the Indian Ocean, c. 1850–1940.” PhD Dissertation, Faculty of History, Duke University, Durham, NC.Google Scholar

Blitz, Brad. 2006. “Statelessness and the Social (De)Construction of Citizenship: Political Restructuring and Ethnic Discrimination in Slovenia.” Journal of Human Rights 5 (4): 453–479.Google Scholar

Bloom, T. 2015. “The Business of Migration Control: Delegating Migration Control Functions to Private Actors.” Global Policy 6 (2): 151–157.Google Scholar

Blyth, Mark, and Varghese, Robin. 1999. “The State of the Discipline in American Political Science: Be Careful What You Wish For?” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1 (3): 345–365.Google Scholar

Bose, Gautam. 2004. “Bureaucratic Delays and Bribe-Taking.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 54 (3): 313–320.Google Scholar

Bose, Sugata. 2006. A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bristol Rhys, Jane. 2010. “A Lexicon of Migrants in the United Arab Emirates.” In Viewpoints Special Edition: Migration and the Gulf, February, 24–26. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute.Google Scholar

Brown, Eleanor Marie Lawrence. 2010. “What the US Can Learn from the Gulf States About Immigration: Visa Bonds and a Novel Proposal for Financing Them.” In Viewpoints Special Edition: Migration and the Gulf, February, 87–92. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute.Google Scholar

Browning, Christopher R., and Matthäus, Jürgen. 2004. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1993–March 1942. London: William Heinemann.Google Scholar

Brubaker, Rogers. 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Butt, Gerald. 2001. “Oil and Gas in the UAE.” In United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective, edited by Al Abed, Ibrahim and Hellyer, Peter. London: Trident Press Ltd. www.badrinvestments.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/oil-and-gas-in-UAE-DA.pdfGoogle Scholar

Castillo, Mariano. 2016. “Faces of a Divided Island.” CNN, April 13. www.cnn.com/2016/04/12/world/dominican-republic-haiti-immigration/index.html.Google Scholar

Castles, Stephen. 1986. “The Guest-Worker in Western Europe: An Obituary.” International Migration Review 20 (4): 761–778.Google Scholar

Chalcraft, John. 2010. Monarchy, Migration and Hegemony in the Arabian Peninsula. Research Paper, Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar

Chalcraft, John. 2011. “Migration and Popular Protest in the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf in the 1950s and 1960s.” International Labor and Working-Class History, 79: 28–47.Google Scholar

Chauvin, Sebastien, and Garcés‐Mascareñas, Blanca. 2012. “Beyond Informal Citizenship: The New Moral Economy of Migrant Illegality.” International Political Sociology 6 (3): 241–259.Google Scholar

Chavez, Linda. 1991. Out of the Barrio: Toward a New Politics of Hispanic Assimilation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Chin, Christine B. N. 1998. In Service and Servitude: Foreign Female Domestic Workers and the Malaysian “Modernity” Project. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Chung, Erin. 2006. Immigration and Citizenship in Japan. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Clarence-Smith, W. G. 1989. The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century. London and Totowa, NJ: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Cohen, Elizabeth F. 2009. Semi-Citizenship in Democratic Politics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cohen, Elizabeth F. 2018. The Political Value of Time: Citizenship, Duration, and Democratic Justice. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Colton, Nora Ann. 2010. “The International Political Economy of Gulf Migration.” In Viewpoints Special Edition: Migration and the Gulf, February, 34–36. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute.Google Scholar

Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2000. Legalizing Moves: Salvadoran Immigrants’ Struggle for US Residency. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Dahan, Mariana. 2015. Identification for Development (ID4D) Integration Approach Study. Report No. 98383. Washington, DC: The World Bank. http://docplayer.net/35602110-Study-conference-edition.html.Google Scholar

Dajani, Haneen. 2010. “Camera Network to Keep the Capital under Observation.” The National, March 3.Google Scholar

Das Gupta, Ashin. 2004. India and the Indian Ocean World: Trade and Politics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Daugman, John, and Malhas, Imad. 2004. “Iris Recognition Border-Crossing System in the UAE.” International Airport Review 8 (2). www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~jgd1000/UAEdeployment.pdf.Google Scholar

Davidson, Christopher M. 2005. The United Arab Emirates: A Study in Survival. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar

Davidson, Christopher M. 2008. Dubai: The Vulnerability of Success. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

De Bel-Air, Françoise. 2015. “A Note on Syrian Refugees in the Gulf: Attempting to Assess Data and Policies.” Explanatory Note No. 11. GLMM Gulf Labor Markets and Migration.Google Scholar

De Genova, Nicholas, and Peutz, Nathalie, eds. 2010. The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Degorge, Barbara. 2006. “Modern Day Slavery in the United Arab Emirates.” The European Legacy 11 (6): 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770600918307.Google Scholar

Dito, Mohammed. 2008. “GCC Labour Migration Governance” (UN/POP/EGM-MIG/2008/7). Presented at the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, June 20–21.Google Scholar

Dresch, Paul, and Piscatori, James. 2005. Monarchies and Nations: Globalisation and Identity in the Arab States of the Gulf. Vol. 52, Library of Modern Middle East Studies. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Dunmore, Charlie. 2014. “Born in Exile, Syrian Children Face Threat of Statelessness.” UNHCR. www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2014/11/54589fb16/born-exile-syrian-children-face-threat-statelessness.html.Google Scholar

Eckstein, H. 1975. “Case Studies and Theory in Political Science.” In Handbook of Political Science, edited by Greenstein, F. and Polsby, N.. Vol. 7, 94–137. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Press.Google Scholar

Economic Times. 2007. “UAE’s Handouts Ruin Dream of an Emirati-Run Economy.” October 5. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/uaes-handouts-ruin-dream-of-an-emirati-run-economy/articleshow/2430754.cms.Google Scholar

Economist Intelligence Unit. 2009. The GCC in 2020: The Gulf and Its People. London: Economist Intelligence Unit. http://graphics.eiu.com/upload/eb/Gulf2020part2.pdf.Google Scholar

Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Russell Hochschild, Arlie, eds. 2004. Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. 1st ed. New York: Holt Paperbacks.Google Scholar

Emarat Alyoum. 2008. “Saif Bin Zayed: Al-Dustur Yasmah Bi-Saheb Al-Jinsiyya Miman La Ya’mal Bi-Istihqaqatiha (Saif Bin Zayed: The Constitution Allows for the Confiscation of Citizenship from Those Who Do Not Abide by Its Requisites),” September 25.Google Scholar

Emirates News Agency. 2008. “MoI Sets Panel to Close File of Stateless Persons,” September 3. http://wam.ae/en/details/1395228180581.Google Scholar

Esim, Simel, and Smith, Monica. 2004. Gender and Migration in Arab States: The Case of Domestic Workers. Beirut: International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/beirut/publications/WCMS_204013/lang--en/index.htm.Google Scholar

European Parliament Legislative Observatory. 2015. Committee Report Tabled for Plenary, 1st Reading/Single Reading. www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/summary.do?id=1411612&t=e&l=en.Google Scholar

Fargues, Philippe. 2011. “Immigration without Inclusion: Non-Nationals in Nation-Building in the Gulf States.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 20 (3–4), 273–292. http://cadmus.eui.eu//handle/1814/20565.Google Scholar

Fargues, Philippe, and Brouwer, Imco. 2011. “GCC Demography and Immigration: Challenges and Policies.” http://philippefargues.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/33-Fargues-Brouwer-2012-GCC-Demography.pdf.Google Scholar

Federal Law No. 17 for 1972 Concerning Nationality, Passports and Amendments Thereof. www.refworld.org/pdfid/3fba182d0.pdf.Google Scholar

Federal Authority for Identity and Citizenship. 2018. “Laws and Legislation.” www.id.gov.ae/en/emirates-id/laws-and-legislation.aspx.Google Scholar

Federal National Council. 2010. United Arab Emirates Constitution: By-Law of the Federal National Council. www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ae/ae031en.pdf.Google Scholar

Feldblum, Chai R. 1997. “The Moral Rhetoric of Legislation.” (Response to article by Thomas B. Stoddard in the same issue, p. 967). New York University Law Review 72 (5): 992–1008.Google Scholar

Fitzgerald, David Scott. 2017. “The History of Racialized Citizenship.” In The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, edited by Shachar, Ayelet, Bauböck, Rainer, Bloemraad, Irene, and Vink, Maarten, 103–129. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Flaim, Amanda. 2017. “Problems of Evidence, Evidence of Problems: Expanding Citizenship and Reproducing Statelessness among Highlanders in Northern Thailand.” In Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness, edited by Lawrance, Benjamin N. and Stevens, Jacqueline, 147–164. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Fouad, Daad. 1999. Demographic Indicators and Family Social Security: Effects and Consequences. Police Studies 92. Dubai: Dubai Police General Headquarters Research and Studies Centre.Google Scholar

Frelick, Bill. 2014. “Unlocking Protracted Refugee Situations: Lessons from Four Asian Cases.” In Still Waiting for Tomorrow: The Law and Politics of Unresolved Refugee Crises, edited by Akram, Susan and Syring, Tom, 169–193. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar

Frelick, Bill, and Kohnen, Barbara. 1995. “Filling the Gap: Temporary Protected Status.” Journal of Refugee Studies 8 (4): 339–363.Google Scholar

Gardner, Andrew M. 2008. “Strategic Transnationalism: The Indian Diasporic Elite in Contemporary Bahrain.” City & Society 20 (1): 54–78.Google Scholar

Geertz, Clifford. 1963. “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Politics in the New States.” In Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, edited by Geertz, Clifford, 255–310. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar

Gelb, Alan, and Clark, Julia. 2013. “Identification for Development: The Biometrics Revolution.” Working Paper 315. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.Google Scholar

Gibney, Matthew. 2009. “Statelessness and the Right to Citizenship.” Forced Migration Review 32: 50–51.Google Scholar

Goodman, Sara Wallace. 2014. Immigration and Membership Politics in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Greenhill, Kelly M. 2010. Weapons of Mass Migration: Forced Displacement, Coercion, and Foreign Policy. Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Gulf Labor Markets and Migration (GLMM). 2015. “Saudi-Arabia: Population Estimates by Nationality (Saudi / Non-Saudi) (Mid-Year Estimates, 1974–2015).” September 24. http://gulfmigration.org/saudi-arabia-population-estimates-nationality-saudi-non-saudi-mid-year-estimates-1974-2015.Google Scholar

Gulf News. 2008. “Saif Recommends 25 Ministry Employees for UAE Citizenship.” Gulf News, July 22. http://gulfnews.com/business/visas/saif-recommends-25-ministry-employees-for-uae-citizenship-1.119527 (no longer available).Google Scholar

Gurowitz, Amy. 1999. “Mobilizing International Norms: Domestic Actors, Immigrants, and the Japanese State.” World Politics 51 (3): 423–445.Google Scholar

Gurr, Ted. 1993. Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar

Hall, Camilla, and Peel, Michael. 2012. “UAE’s Stateless Acquire Foreign Passports.” Financial Times, June 4. www.ft.com/content/8abfc14a-a8aa-11e1-be59-00144feabdc0.Google Scholar

Hall, Peter, and Taylor, Rosemary. 1996. “Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms.” Political Studies 44 (5): 936–957.Google Scholar

Hammar, Tomas. 1990. Democracy and the Nation State: Aliens, Denizens, and Citizens in a World of International Migration. Research in Ethnic Relations Series. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar

Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2004. The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity of the Welfare Queen. New York University Press.Google Scholar

Harris, Joseph. 2013. “Uneven Inclusion: Consequences of Universal Healthcare in Thailand.” Citizenship Studies 17 (1): 111–127.Google Scholar

Hawley, David. 1970. The Trucial States. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Heard-Bey, Frauke. 1982. From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates: A Society in Transition. New York and London: Longman.Google Scholar

Heeg, Jennifer. 2011. “Gender, International Trafficking Norms and Gulf Migration.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference “Global Governance: Political Authority in Transition,” Le Centre Sheraton Montreal Hotel, Montreal, Canada, March 16. http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/0/2/9/0/pages502906/p502906-1.php.Google Scholar

Held, David. 1995. Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmpolitan Governance. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Helmke, Gretchen, and Levitsky, Steven. 2004. “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda.” Perspectives on Politics 2 (4): 725–740.Google Scholar

Hesse, Barnor. 2004. “Im/Plausible Deniability: Racism’s Conceptual Double Bind.” Social Identities 10 (1): 9–29.Google Scholar

Heyman, J. M. 2004. “The Anthropology of Power-Wielding Bureaucracies.” Human Organization 63 (4): 487–500.Google Scholar

Ho, Enseng. 2004. “Empire through Diasporic Eyes: A View from the Other Boat.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 46 (2): 210–246.Google Scholar

Ho, Enseng. 2006. The Graves of Tarim: Geneaology and Mobility across the Indian Ocean. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Holston, James, ed. 1998. Cities and Citizenship. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Holston, James 2008. Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Honig, Bonnie. 2003. Democracy and the Foreigner. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Hopper, Mathew. 2015. Slaves of One Master: Globalization and Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire. Ithica, NY:Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Horowitz, Donald. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 2006. “Building Towers, Cheating Workers: Exploitation of Migrant Construction Workers in the United Arab Emirates.” Volume 18, No. 8(E). https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/uae1106webwcover.pdf.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch (2015). “Concerns and Recommendations on Kuwait Submitted to the UN Human Rights Committee in Advance of its Pre-Sessional Review,” August 7. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/KWT/INT_CCPR_ICO_KWT_21314_E.pdf.Google Scholar

International Monetary Fund. 2015. Union of the Comoros : Staff Report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation. Country Report 15/34. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2016/12/31/Union-of-the-Comoros-Staff-Report-for-the-2014-Article-IV-Consultation-42701.Google Scholar

International Monetary Fund. 2016. Union of Comoros: Selected Issues. IMF Country Report 16/394. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2016/cr16394.pdf.Google Scholar

Ismail, Netty Idayu, and Pacheco, Filipe. 2018. “UAE Raises the Stakes to Stop Foreigners From Leaving Dubai.” Bloomberg, May 22.Google Scholar

Jacobson, David. 1996. Rights across Borders: Immigration and the Decline of Citizenship. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Jamal, Manal A. 2015. “The ‘Tiering’ of Citizenship and Residency and the ‘Hierarchization’ of Migrant Communities: The United Arab Emirates in Historical Context.” International Migration Review 49 (3): 601–632.Google Scholar

Janahi, Carina. 2014. “The Baloch as an Ethnic Group in the Persian Gulf Region” The Persian Gulf in Modern Times. Edited by Potter, Lawrence. 267–297. New York: Palgrave McMillan.Google Scholar

Janakiraman, Narayan, Meyer, Robert J., and Hoch, Stephen J.. 2011. “The Psychology of Decisions to Abandon Waits for Service.” Journal of Marketing Research 48 (6): 970.Google Scholar

Jenkins, J., and Schmeidl, S.. 1995. “Flight from Violence: The Origins and Implications of the World Refugee Crisis.” Sociological Focus 28: 63–82.Google Scholar

Jones, Calvert. 2015. “Seeing Like an Autocrat: Liberal Social Engineering in an Illiberal State.” Perspectives on Politics 13 (1): 24–41.Google Scholar

Jones, Calvert 2017. Bedouins into Bourgeois: Remaking Citizens for Globalization. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Joppke, Christian. 2017. “Citizenship in Immigration States.” In The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, edited by Shachar, Ayelet, Bauböck, Rainer, Bloemraad, Irene, and Vink, Marteen, 385–406. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kaabour, Mahmoud. 2009. “In This Country We Are Often Strangers Together.” The National, July 18. https://www.thenational.ae/uae/in-this-country-we-are-often-strangers-together-1.535389.Google Scholar

Kahn, Jeffrey. 2018. Islands of Sovereignty: Haitian Migration and the Borders of Empire. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Kapiszewski, Andrzej, and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2006. “Arab Versus Asian Migrant Workers in the GCC Countries.” UN/POP/EGM/2006/02. United Nations Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in the Arab Region, Beirut.Google Scholar

Karsh, Efraim, and Karsh, Inari. 1996. “Reflections on Arab Nationalism: Review Article.” Middle Eastern Studies 32 (4): 367–392.Google Scholar

Kasimis, Demetra. 2013. “The Tragedy of Blood-Based Membership: Secrecy and the Politics of Immigration in Euripides’s Ion.” Political Theory 41 (2): 231–256.Google Scholar

Kaufman, Stuart J. 2001. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Keane, David, and Nicholas, McGeehan. 2008. “Enforcing Migrant Workers’ Rights in the United Arab Emirates.” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15: 81–116.Google Scholar

Kefauver, Barry. 2012. International ePassport Standards and Implementation: Maybe You Want One, But Are You Ready? Eighth Symposium and Exhibition on ICAO MRDTs, Biometrics and Security Standards, ICAO Headquarters, Montreal, Canada, October 10. www.icao.int/Meetings/mrtd-symposium-2012/Documents/11_am_Kefauver.pdf.Google Scholar

Khaleej Times. 2008. “Stateless Person to Get UAE Citizenship on ‘Clean Record.’” July 10. www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/stateless-person-to-get-uae-citizenship-on-clean-record.Google Scholar

Khalifa, Ali. 1979. The United Arab Emirates: Unity in Fragmentation. Boulder, CO and London: Westview and Croom Helm.Google Scholar

Kingdom of Bahrain. 2006. Act No. 19 with Regard to the Regulation of the Labour Market. http://lmra.bh/portal/files/cms/shared/file/law-no19-year2006-english.pdf.Google Scholar

Koopmans, Rudd, and Statham, Paul, eds. 2000. Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kumar, Anil. 2012. “The Price of Illegal Maids.” 999, March.Google Scholar

Larson, Richard C. 1987. “Perspectives on Queues: Social Justice and the Psychology of Queueing.” Operations Research 35 (6): 895–905.Google Scholar

Laubenthal, Barbara. 2011. “The Negotiation of Irregular Migrants’ Right to Education in Germany: A Challenge to the Nation-State.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (8): 1357–1373.Google Scholar

Lauth, Hans-Joachim. 2000. “Informal Institutions and Democracy.” Democratization 7 (4): 21–50.Google Scholar

Lawrance, Benjamin N. 2017. “Statelessness-in-Question: Expert Testimony and the Evidentiary Burden of Statelessness.” In Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness, edited by Lawrance, Benjamin N. and Stevens, Jacqueline, 60–80. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Lawrance, Benjamin N., and Stevens, Jacqueline. 2017. Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Leclerc, France, Schmitt, Bernd H., and Laurette, Dubé. 1995. “Waiting Time and Decision Making: Is Time like Money?” Journal of Consumer Research 22 (1): 110–119.Google Scholar

Lesch, Ann Mosely, and Lustick, Ian. 2005. Exile and Return: Predicaments of Palestinians and Jews. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Levinson, Amanda. 2005. The Regularisation of Unauthorised Migrants: Literature Survey and Country Case Studies (Report). Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford. www.compas.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/ER-2005-Regularisation_Unauthorized_Literature.pdfGoogle Scholar

Levy, Jack S. 2008. “Case Studies: Types, Designs, and Logics of Inference.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 25 (1): 1–18.Google Scholar

Lewis, Nell. 2018. “Who Stands to Benefit from the UAE’s Visa and Investment Rules?” CNN, June 17. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/17/middleeast/uae-visa-and-foreign-ownership-rules/index.html.Google Scholar

Lewis, Paul, and Ramakrishnan, S.. 2007. “Police Practices in Immigrant-Destination Cities: Political Control or Bureaucratic Professionalism?” Urban Affairs Review 42 (6): 874–900.Google Scholar

Longva, Anh Nga. 1997. Walls Built on Sand: Migration, Exclusion, and Society in Kuwait. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Longva, Anh Nga. 1999. “Keeping Migrant Workers in Check: The Kafala System in the Gulf.” Middle East Report (211): 20–22.Google Scholar

Lori, Noora. 2011. “National Security and the Management of Migrant Labor: A Case Study of the United Arab Emirates.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 20 (3–4): 315–337.Google Scholar

Lori, Noora. 2012. “Temporary Migrants” or Permanent Residents? The Kafala System and Contestations over Residency in the Arab Gulf States. Center for Migrations and Citizenship, Institut Français des Relations Internationales, November. www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/notecmcnooralori1.pdfGoogle Scholar

Lori, Noora. 2017. “Statelessness, ‘In-Between’ Statuses, and Precarious Citizenship.” In The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, edited by Shachar, Ayelet, Baubock, Rainer, Bloemraad, Irene, and Vink, Marteen. 745–763. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lorimer, John G. 1915. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing.Google Scholar

Lynch, Maureen. 2010. “United Arab Emirates: Nationality Matters.” Refugees International, January 12. www.refugeesinternational.org/blog/united-arab-emirates-nationality-matters.Google Scholar

Mahdavi, Pardis. 2016. “Stateless and for Sale in the Gulf.” Foreign Affairs, June 30. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/kuwait/2016-06-30/stateless-and-sale-gulf.Google Scholar

Mahoney, James. 2000. “Path Dependence in Historical Sociology.” Theory and Society 29: 507–548.Google Scholar

Maister, David H. 1985. “The Psychology of Waiting Lines.” https://davidmaister.com/wp-content/themes/davidmaister/pdf/PsycholgyofWaitingLines751.pdfGoogle Scholar

Mann, Leon. 1970. “The Social Psychology of Waiting Lines: The Mammoth Waiting Line Is a Sophisticated Cultural Microcosm with a Unique Set of Social Rules and Behavioral Regularities.” American Scientist 58 (4): 390–398.Google Scholar

March, James G., and Olsen, Johan P.. 1984. “The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life.” The American Political Science Review 78 (3): 734–749.Google Scholar

Marshall, T. H. 1950. Citizenship and Social Class. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Martin, Philip L. 2001. “There Is Nothing More Permanent Than Temporary Foreign Workers.” Backgrounder. Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies. https://cis.org/Report/There-Nothing-More-Permanent-Temporary-Foreign-Workers.Google Scholar

Martin, Philip, and Miller, Mark. 1980. “Guestworkers: Lessons from Western Europe.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 33 (3): 315–330.Google Scholar

Mathew, Johan. 2012. “Trafficking Labour: Abolition and the Exchange of Labour across the Arabian Sea, 1861–1947.” Slavery and Abolition 33 (1): 139–156.Google Scholar

Mau, Steffen, Gülzau, Fabian, Laube, Lena, and Zaun, Natascha. 2015. “The Global Mobility Divide: How Visa Policies Have Evolved over Time.” Journal of Ethnic Migration Studies 8: 1192–1213.Google Scholar

Mehta, Uday. 1997. “Liberal Strategies of Exclusion.” In Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, edited by Cooper, Frederick and Stoler, Ann Laura, 59–86. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Menjivar, Cecilia. 2006. “Liminal Legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan Immigrants’ Lives in the United States.” American Journal of Sociology 111 (4): 999–1037.Google Scholar

Menz, George. 2011. “Neo-Liberalism, Privatization and the Outsourcing of Migration Management: A Five-Country Comparison.” Competition & Change 15 (2): 116–135.Google Scholar

Middle East Monitor. 2017. “Saudi to Deport 5 m ‘Illegal’ Workers” (blog). March 7. www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170307-saudi-to-deport-5m-illegal-workers.Google Scholar

Migrants at Sea. 2011. “ECJ Rules Italy May Not Criminally Punish Illegally Staying Migrants Who Fail to Depart.” April 29. http://migrantsatsea.wordpress.com/2011/04/29/ecj-rules-italy-may-not-criminally-punish-illegally-staying-migrants-who-fail-to-depart.Google Scholar

Milanovic, Branko. 2016. Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Morris, Loveday. 2012. “UAE Deports Rights Activist Ahmed Abdul Khaleq in Clampdown on Dissent.” The Independent, July 17. www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/uae-deports-rights-activist-ahmed-abdul-khaleq-in-clampdown-on-dissent-7946871.html.Google Scholar

Mylonas, Harris. 2013. The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities. 1st ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Najdmabadi, Shahnaz. 2009. “The Arab Presence on the Iranian Coast of the Persian Gulf.” In The Persian Gulf in History, edited by Potter, Lawrence, 129–146. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Najdmabadi, Shahnaz. 2010. “Cross-Border Networks: Labour Migration from Iran to the Arab Countries of the Persian Gulf.” Anthropology of the Middle East 5 (1): 18–33.Google Scholar

Nagy, Sharon. 2010. “Families and Bachelors: Visa Status, Family Lives, and Community Structure among Bahrain’s Foreign Residents.” In Viewpoints Special Edition: Migration and the Gulf, February, 58–61. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute.Google Scholar

The National. 2010. “Committee Examines Claims of Children Abandoned Abroad.” The National, January 16. www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/committee-examines-claims-of-children-abandoned-abroad.Google Scholar

Ngai, Mae. 2004. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Nicolini, Beatrice. 2007. “The Baluch Role in the Persian Gulf during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 27 (2): 384–396.Google Scholar

Onley, James. 2007. The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Onley, James. 2017. India and the Persian Gulf: Trade, Society, and Empire across the Indian Ocean, 1507–1947. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pan, Jason, and Jui-chin, Hung. 2013. “Pingpu Registration Drive Starts in South.” Taipei Times, November 9. www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/11/09/2003576493/2.Google Scholar

Paret, Marcel, and Gleeson, Shannon. 2016. “Precarity and Agency through a Migration Lens.” Citizenship Studies 20 (3–4): 277–294.Google Scholar

Parolin, Gianluca. 2009. Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and the National State. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar

Parussini, Gabriele. 2017. “India’s Massive Aadhaar Biometric Identification Program – The Numbers.” WSJ (blog), January 13. https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2017/01/13/indias-massive-aadhaar-biometric-identification-program-the-numbers/.Google Scholar

Paul, Kathleen. 1997. Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Pearson, Michael N. 1998. Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India and Portugal in the Early Modern Era. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pearson, Michael N 2006. “Littoral Society: The Concept and the Problems.” Journal of World History 17 (4): 353–373.Google Scholar

The Peninsula. 2010. “Laqum Al Qarar: Expatriates Are the Future Threat of the Entire Gulf: HE Dhahi Khalfan Tamim.” December 29.Google Scholar

Petersen, Roger. 2001. Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Petersen, Roger. 2002. Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Peterson, J. E. 2013. “The Baluch Presence in the Persian Gulf.” In Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf, edited by Potter, Lawrence, 229–244. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94: 251–267.Google Scholar

Piven, Frances Fox, and Cloward, Richard A.. 1971. Regulating the Poor: the Functions of Public Welfare. 1st ed. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Potter, Lawrence. 2009. The Persian Gulf in History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Rahman, Anisur. 2010. “Migration and Human Rights in the Gulf.” In Viewpoints Special Edition: Migration and the Gulf, February, 16–18. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute.Google Scholar

Rawls, John. 1999. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Ray, R. K. 1995. “Asian Capital in the Age of European Domination: The Rise of the Bazaar, 1800–1914” Cambridge Core 29 (3): 449–554.Google Scholar

Reuters. 2018. “Comoros Ex-President under House Arrest after Probe of Passport Scheme,” Reuters, May 21. https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1IM0LT-OZATP.Google Scholar

Ricks, Thomas. 1989. “Slaves and Slave Traders in the Persian Gulf, 18th and 19th Centuries: An Assessment” 9 (3): 60–70.Google Scholar

Robertson, Geoffrey, Irvine, Graeme, Oborne, Catherine, and Naik, Ravi. 2013. Trial Observation Report: UAE 94. Emirates Centre for Human Rights. http://echr.org.uk/sites/default/files/Trial-Report-UAE-94.pdf.Google Scholar

Ruhs, Martin. 2013. The Price of Rights: Regulating International Labor Migration. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Sadiq, Kamal. 2005. “When States Prefer Non-Citizens over Citizens: Conflict Over Illegal Immigration into Malaysia.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (1): 101–122.Google Scholar

Sadiq, Kamal. 2009. Paper Citizens: How Illegal Immigrants Acquire Citizenship in Developing Countries. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sadiq, Kamal. 2016. “Limits of Legal Citizenship: Narratives from South and Southeast Asia.” In Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness, edited by Lawrance, Benjamin N. and Stevens, Jacqueline, 165–177. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Salama, Samir. 2010. “FNC Urges Fast-Tracking on Demographic Council.” Gulf News, January 6.Google Scholar

Salisbury, Peter. 2015. “Inside the $100 Million Scheme to Send the Middle East’s Most Unwanted People to Africa.” VICE News, November 19. https://news.vice.com/article/inside-the-100-million-scheme-to-send-the-middle-easts-most-unwanted-people-to-africa.Google Scholar

Sassen, Saskia. 1996. Losing Control? Sovereignty in the Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Schain, Martin, Zolberg, Aristide R., and Hossay, Patrick. 2002. Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe. 1st ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Schwartz, Barry. 1974. “Waiting, Exchange, and Power: The Distribution of Time in Social Systems.” American Journal of Sociology 79 (4): 841–870.Google Scholar

Schwartz, Barry. 1975. Queuing and Waiting: Studies in the Social Organization of Access and Delay. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Scott, James C. 1999. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Seccombe, I. J., and Lawless, R. I. 1986. “Foreign Worker Dependence in the Gulf, and the International Oil Companies: 1910–50.” International Migration Review 20 (3): 548–574.Google Scholar

Shachar, Ayelet. 2017. “Citizenship for Sale?” In The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, edited by Shachar, Ayelet, Bauböck, Rainer, Bloemraad, Irene, and Vink, Maarten, 789–816. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Shachar, Ayelet. 2018. “The Marketization of Citizenship in an Age of Restrictionism.” Ethics and International Affairs 32 (1): 3–13.Google Scholar

Shah, Nasra. 2008. “Recent Labor Immigration Policies in the Oil-Rich Gulf: How Effective Are They Likely to Be?” Working Paper 3. ILO Asian Regional Programme on Governance of Labour Migration. Bangkok, Thailand: International Labor Organization. http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/intl/52.Google Scholar

Shah, Nasra, and Fargues, Philippe. 2011. “Introduction to Special Issue: Migration in the Gulf States: Issues and Prospects.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 20 (3/4): 267–272.Google Scholar

Shevel, Oxana. 2011. Migration, Refugee Policy, and State Building in Postcommunist Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Simola, Anna. 2018. “Lost in Administration: (Re)Producing Precarious Citizenship for Young University-Educated Intra-EU Migrants in Brussels.” Work, Employment and Society 32 (3): 458–474.Google Scholar

Somers, Margaret. 2008. Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu. 1995. Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Spindler, William. 2008. “UNHCR Welcomes UAE Decision on Stateless People.” UNHCR, September 23. www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=48d8be5d11&query=UAE.Google Scholar

Spiro, Peter. 2014. “Kuwait Bulk-Orders Comoros Citizenship for Stateless Bidoon.” Opiniojuris (blog), November 13. http://opiniojuris.org/2014/11/13/kuwait-bulk-orders-comoros-citizenship-stateless-bidoons.Google Scholar

Steinmo, Sven, Thelen, Kathleen Ann, and Longstreth, Frank, eds. 1992. Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stevens, Jacqueline. 2011. “US Government Unlawfully Detaining and Deporting US Citizens as Aliens.” Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law 18 (3): 606–720.Google Scholar

Stevens, Jacqueline. 2017. “Introduction.” In Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness, edited by Lawrance, Benjamin N., 1–26. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Štiks, Igor. 2010. “The Citizenship Conundrum in Post-Communist Europe: The Instructive Case of Croatia.” Europe-Asia Studies 62: 1621–1638.Google Scholar

Štiks, Igor, and Shaw, Jo. 2013. Citizenship Rights. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar

Suzuki, Hideaki. 2013. “Baluchi Experiences under Slavery and the Slave Trade of the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf 1921–1950.” Journal of the Middle East and Africa 4 (2): 205–223.Google Scholar

Thiollet, Hélène. 2010. “Nationalisme d’État et Nationalisme Ordinaire En Arabie Saoudite: La Nation Saoudienne et Ses Immigrés.” Raisons Politiques 37: 89–102.Google Scholar

Tichenor, Daniel J. 2002. Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 1989. “The Geography of European State-Making and Capitalism Since 1500.” In Geographic Perspectives in History, edited by Genovese, Eugene and Hochberg, Leonard, 159–181. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Torpey, John C. 2000. The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Trump, D. 2017. “Executive Order: Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements.” The White House. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/executive-order-border-security-and-immigration-enforcement-improvements.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee S. 2006. “Adaptive Informal Institutions and Endogenous Institutional Change in China.” World Politics 59 (1): 116–141.Google Scholar

Turner, Jennifer, Varia, Nisha, and Human Rights Watch. 2007. “Exported and Exposed: Abuses against Sri Lankan Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Lebanon, and the United Arab Emirates.” http://link.vpl.ca/portal/Exported-and-exposed–abuses-against-Sri-Lankan/zLRDfWgGTLc.Google Scholar

UAE National Bureau of Statistics. 2005. “UAE Employed Population by Nationality (Emirati/Non-Emirati) and Emirate (2005).” https://gulfmigration.org/uae-employed-population-by-nationality-emirati-non-emirati-and-emirate-2005.Google Scholar

UAE National Bureau of Statistics. 2010. “Methodology of Estimating the Population in UAE.” http://fcsa.gov.ae/en-us/Lists/D_StatisticsSubject/Attachments/68/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf.Google Scholar

UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 1974. Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1 January, A/9012. www.refworld.org/docid/3ae68c3c4.html.Google Scholar

United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2010. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/trends/WPP2010/WPP2010_Volume-I_Comprehensive-Tables.pdf.Google Scholar

United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division 2017. International Migration Report 2017: Highlights. www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf.Google Scholar

US Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2016. “Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA).” www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca.Google Scholar

US Department of Homeland Security. 2016. 2015 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Washington, DC: Homeland Security. www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Yearbook_Immigration_Statistics_2015.pdf.Google Scholar

US Department of State. 2013. “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012: United Arab Emirates.” https://www.refworld.org/docid/53284a5310.html.Google Scholar

US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2008. “United Arab Emirates.” https://www.refworld.org/docid/49a8f143c.html.Google Scholar

US Energy Information Administration. n.d. “Total Petroleum and Other Liquid Production – 2018.” www.eia.gov/countries.Google Scholar

Van der Leun, Joanne. 2003. Looking for Loopholes: Processes of Incorporation of Illegal Immigrants in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar

Van Hear, Nicholas. 1993. “Mass Flight in the Middle East: Involuntary Migration and the Gulf Conflict, 1990–1991.” In Geography and Refugees: Patterns and Processes of Change, edited by Black, R. and Robinson, V., 64–84. London: Belhaven.Google Scholar

Van Hear, Nicholas. 1995. “The Impact of Involuntary Mass ‘Return’ to Jordan in the Wake of the Gulf Crisis.” International Migration Review 29 (2): 352–374.Google Scholar

Varsanyi, Monica. 2010. Taking Local Control: Immigration Policy Activism in US Cities and States . Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Vitalis, Robert. 2009. America’s Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier. New York and London: Verso.Google Scholar

Vora, Neha. 2010. “Business Elites, Unofficial Citizenship, and Privatized Governance in Dubai.” In Viewpoints Special Edition: Migration and the Gulf, February, 46–48. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute.Google Scholar

Vora, Neha. 2013. Impossible Citizens: Dubai’s Indian Diaspora. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Waite, Urban. 2011. The Terror of Living: A Novel. 1st ed. New York: Little, Brown and Co.Google Scholar

Walzer, Michael. 1983. Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Warrell, Helen. 2012. “Court’s ‘Hammer Blow’ to Migration Cut.” Financial Times, July 12. https://www.ft.com/content/6d03a618-d103-11e1-8a3c-00144feabdc0.Google Scholar

Wass, Laura van. 2010. The Situation of Stateless Persons in the Middle East and North Africa. UNHCR Research Paper. www.refworld.org/pdfid/4cea28072.pdf.Google Scholar

Watanbe, Akiko. 2010. “The Pre-Departure Orientation Seminars as a Way of Protecting Prospective Overseas Filipino Workers.” Paper presented at the 2010 Exeter Gulf Studies Conference “The 21st-Century Gulf: The Challenge of Identity,” University of Exeter, Centre for Gulf Studies, June 30–July 3.Google Scholar

Weil, Patrick. 2001. “The History of French Nationality: A Lesson for Europe.” In Towards a European Nationality: Citizenship, Immigration, and Nationality Law in the EU, edited by Hansen, Randall and Weil, Patrick. 52–68. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Weiner, Myron. 1992. “Security, Stability, and International Migration.” International Security 17 (3): 91–126.Google Scholar

Willen, Sarah. 2007. “Exploring ‘Illegal” and ‘Irregular’ Migrants’ Lived Experiences of Law and State Power.” International Migration 45 (3): 2–7.Google Scholar

Willen, Sarah. 2010. “Citizens, ‘Real’ Others, and ‘Other’ Others: The Biopolitics of Otherness and the Deportation of Unauthorized Migrant Workers from Tel Aviv, Israel.” In The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement, edited by De Genova, Nicholas and Peutz, Nathalie, 262–294. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Wolozin, Rebecca. 2014. “Citizenship Issues and Issuing Citizenship: A Case Study of Sri Lanka’s Citizenship Laws in a Global Context.” Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 16 (1): 1–28.Google Scholar

World Bank. 2015. “Comoros—Second Economic Governance Reform Grant Project.” 95824. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/802021468172787445/Comoros-Second-Economic-Governance-Reform-Grant-Project.Google Scholar

World Economic Forum. 2017. “Travel and Competitiveness Report 2017: Safety and Security.” http://reports.weforum.org/travel-and-tourism-competitiveness-report-2017/ranking/#series=TTCI.A.02.Google Scholar

Yanez-Pagans, Monica, and Machicado-Salas, Gustavo. 2014. “Bureaucratic Delay, Local-Level Monitoring, and Delivery of Small Infrastructure Projects: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Bolivia.” World Development 59: 394–407.Google Scholar

Youssef, Marten, and Shaheen, Kareem. 2009. “UAE Urged to Find a Balance.” The National, July 10, 2009.Google Scholar

Zolberg, Aristide. 1983. “The Formation of New States as a Refugee-Generating Process.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 467 (1): 24–38.Google Scholar