Lara-Torre, E. The physical exam in the pediatric and adolescent patient. In: Sanfilippo, JS, editor. Clinical Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2009, pp. 140–51.Google Scholar

Hillard, PJ. What’s clinically relevant and new in pediatric and adolescent gynecology? Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology. 2012 Oct;24(5):273–4. PubMed PMID: 22954762.Google ScholarPubMed

Frishman, GN. Evaluation and treatment of menorrhagia in an adolescent population. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology. 2008 Nov–Dec;15(6):682–8. PubMed PMID: 18971130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dei, M, Di Maggio, F, Di Paolo, G, Bruni, V. Vulvovaginitis in childhood: best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 2010 Apr;24(2):129–37. PubMed PMID: 19884044.Google Scholar

Yilmaz, AE, Celik, N, Soylu, G, et al. Comparison of clinical and microbiological features of vulvovaginitis in prepubertal and pubertal girls. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi. 2012 Jul;111(7):392–6. PubMed PMID: 22817817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Emans, SJ. Vulvovaginal problems in the prepubertal child. In: Emans, SJ, Laufer, MR, Goldstein, DP, editors. Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Fifth ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005, pp. 83–119.Google Scholar

Rosenfield, RL. Clinical review 6: diagnosis and management of delayed puberty. Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1990 Mar;70(3):559–62. PubMed PMID: 2407749. Epub 1990/03/01. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sedlmeyer, IL, Palmert, MR. Delayed puberty: analysis of a large case series from an academic center. Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2002 Apr;87(4):1613–20. PubMed PMID: 11932291. Epub 2002/04/05. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Emans, SJ. Precocious puberty. In: Emans, SJ, Laufer, MR, Goldstein, DP, editors. Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Fifth ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkin; 2005, pp. 156–80.Google Scholar

Connor, EL. Adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome. Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews. 2012 Apr;23(1):164–77, xii. PubMed PMID: 22764561.Google ScholarPubMed

Grimbizis, GF, Campo, R, on behalf of the Scientific Committee of the Congenital Uterine Malformations common Eshre/Esge working group: Stephan Gordts SBMGVTTCLCDA. Clinical approach for the classification of congenital uterine malformations. Gynecological surgery. 2012 May;9(2):119–29. PubMed PMID: 22611348. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3338910.Google Scholar

Institute, G. An Overview of Minors’ Consent Law. New York: State Policies in Brief; 2013.Google Scholar

Sowinska-Przepiera, E, Jarzabek-Bielecka, G, Andrysiak-Mamos, E, et al. [Legal aspects in pediatric and adolescent gynecology]. Ginekologia polska. 2013 Feb;84(2):131–6. PubMed PMID: 23668060.Google ScholarPubMed

Ahuja, SP, Hertweck, SP. Overview of bleeding disorders in adolescent females with menorrhagia. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 2010 Dec;23(6 Suppl):S15–21. PubMed PMID: 20934893.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sedlmeyer, IL, Hirschhorn, JN, Palmert, MR. Pedigree analysis of constitutional delay of growth and maturation: determination of familial aggregation and inheritance patterns. Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2002 Dec;87(12):5581–6. PubMed PMID: 12466356. Epub 2002/12/06. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hill, NC, Oppenheimer, LW, Morton, KE. The aetiology of vaginal bleeding in children. A 20-year review. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 1989 Apr;96(4):467–70. PubMed PMID: 2751960.Google ScholarPubMed

Tavassoli, FA, Norris, HJ. Sertoli tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathologic study of 28 cases with ultrastructural observations. Cancer. 1980 Nov 15;46(10):2281–97. PubMed PMID: 7427869.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Committee on Practice B-G. Practice bulletin no. 128: diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2012 Jul;120(1):197–206. PubMed PMID: 22914421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carel, JC, Eugster, EA, Rogol, A, et al. Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children. Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;123(4):e752–62. PubMed PMID: 19332438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wilkinson, JP, Kadir, RA. Management of abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescents. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 2010 Dec;23(6 Suppl):S22–30. PubMed PMID: 20869283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Guilbert, ER, Kaunitz, AM. Depo-Provera and skeletal health: reviewing the evidence; developing and disseminating a consensus. Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):165–6. PubMed PMID: 19185667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chi, C, Pollard, D, Tuddenham, EG, Kadir, RA. Menorrhagia in adolescents with inherited bleeding disorders. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 2010 Aug;23(4):215–22. PubMed PMID: 20471874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lukes, AS, Moore, KA, Muse, KN, et al. Tranexamic acid treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2010 Oct;116(4):865–75. PubMed PMID: 20859150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Myers, JB, Sorensen, CM, Wisner, BP, et al. Betamethasone cream for the treatment of pre-pubertal labial adhesions. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 2006 Dec;19(6):407–11. PubMed PMID: 17174831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Powell, J, Wojnarowska, F. Childhood vulvar lichen sclerosus: an increasingly common problem. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 May;44(5):803–6. PubMed PMID: 11312428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Emans, SJ. Delayed puberty. In: Emans, SJ, Laufer, MR, Goldstein, DP, editors. Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Fifth ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2005, pp. 181–213.Google Scholar

Committee on Adolescent Health Care Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group TACoO, Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 539: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2012 Oct;120(4):983–8.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertility and Sterility 2006; 86: 148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fritz, MA, Speroff, L. Clinical Endocrinology and Infertility, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010: 435–94.Google Scholar

Kreipe, RE, Yussman, SM. The role of the primary care practitioner in the treatment of eating disorders. Adolesc Med Feb 2003; 14(1): 133–47.Google ScholarPubMed

Martin, KA, Hall, JE, Adams, JM, Crowley, WF Jr. Comparison of exogenous gonadotropins and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone for induction of ovulation in hypogonadotropic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 125.Google ScholarPubMed

Melmed, S, Casanueva, FF, Hoffman, AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Casanueva, FF, Molitch, ME, Schlechte, JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65: 265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Saenger, P. Turner’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zhong, Q, Layman, LC. Genetic considerations in the patient with Turner syndrome – 45, X with or without mosaicism. Fertil Steril 2012; 98: 775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nelson, LM, Anasti, TN, Kimzey, LM, et al. Development of luteinized graafian follicles in patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1470.Google ScholarPubMed

Nelson, LM. Clinical Practice: primary ovarian insufficiency. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Groff, AA, Covington, SN, Halversor, LR, et al. Assessing the emotional needs of women with spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2005; 83: 1734–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Greil, AL. Infertility and psychological distress: a critical review of the literature. Soc Sci Med 1997; 145: 1679–704.Google Scholar

Crofton, PM, Evans, N, Bath, LE, et al. Physiological versus standard sex steroid replacement in young women with premature ovarian failure; effects on bone mass acquisition and turnover. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73: 707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

North American Menopause Society. The role of calcium in peri- and postmenopausal women: 2006 position statement of the North American Menopause Society. 2006; 13: 862–77.Google Scholar

Rock, JA, Azziz, R. Genital anomalies in childhood. Clinical Obstet Gynecol 1987; 30: 682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fujimoto, VY, Miller, JH, Klein, NA, Soules, MR. Congential cervical atresia: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177(6): 1419–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mazouni, C, Girard, G, Deter, R, et al. Diagnosis of mullerian anomalies in adults; evaluation of practice. Fertil Steril 2008; 89: 219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

ACOG Committee on Adolescent Health Care. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 274, July 2002: Nonsurgical diagnosis and management of vaginal agenesis. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100: 213.Google Scholar

Edmonds, DK. Congenital malformations of the genital tract and their management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynecol 2003; 17: 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gustafson, ML, Donahoe, PK. Male sex determination: current concepts of male sexual differentiation. Annu Rev Med 1994; 45: 505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Katz, VL, Lentz, GM, Lobo, RA, Gorshenson, DM. Comprehensive Gynecology, 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2007: 933–61.Google Scholar

Verp, MS, Simpson, JL. Abnormal sexual differentiation and neoplasia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1987; 25: 191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baldauf, JJ, Dreyfus, M, Ritter, J, et al. Risk of cervical stenosis after large loop excision or laser conization. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Deans, R, Abbott, J. Review of intrauterine adhesions. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2010; 17: 555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

March, CM. Asherman’s syndrome. Semin Reprod Med 2011; 29: 83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

March, CM. Management of Asherman’s syndrome. Reprod Biomed Online 2011; 23: 63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

AAGL Advancing Minimally Invasive Gynecology Worldwide. AAGL practice report: practice guidelines for management of intrauterine synechiae. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2010; 17: 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klein, DA, Poth, MA. Amenorrhea: an approach to diagnosis and management. America Family Physician 2013; 87(11): 781–8.Google ScholarPubMed

Master-Hunter, T, Heiman, D. Amenorrhea: evaluation and treatment. American Family Physician 2006; 73(8): 1374–82.Google ScholarPubMed

Fraser, IS, Langham, S, Uhl-Hochgraeber, K. Health-related quality of life and economic burden of abnormal uterine bleeding. Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol 2009; 4(2):179–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Speroff, L, Glass, RH, Kase, NG. Clinical gynecology and infertility. 6th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999.Google Scholar

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 128: Diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 128(4): 1–11.Google Scholar

Woolcock, JG, Critchley, HO, Munro, MG, et al. Review of the confusion in current and historical terminology and definitions for disturbances of menstrual bleeding. Fertility and sterility 2008; 90(6): 2269–2280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Munro, MG, Critchley, HO, Broder, MS, et al. FIGO Working Group on Menstrual Disorders. FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 113(1): 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, SK, Abel, MH, Kelly, RW, et al. Prostaglandin synthesis in the endometrium of women with ovular dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981; 88(4): 434–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cohen, I. Endometrial pathologies associated with postmenopausal tamoxifen treatment. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 256–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dreisler, E, Sorenson, SS, Lose, G. Endometrial polyps and associated factors in Danish women aged 36–74 years. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009; 200(2): 147.e1–e6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Thomas, JS, Clark, JF. Adenomyosis: a retrospective view. Journal of the National Medical Association 1989; 81(9): 969.Google ScholarPubMed

American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL): Advancing Minimally Invasive Gynecology Worldwide. AAGL practice report: practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of submucous leiomyomas. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 2012; 19(2): 152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Day Baird, D, Dunson, DB, Hill, MC, et al. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003; 188(1): 100–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marsden, DE, Hacker, NF. The classification, diagnosis and management of endometrial hyperplasia. Reviews in Gynaecological Practice 2003; 3(2): 89–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kurman, RJ, Kaminski, PF, Norris, HJ. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia: a long-term study of “untreated” hyperplasia in 170 patients. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 1986; 41(1): 58–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shankar, M, Lee, CA, Sabin, CA, Economides, DL, et al. Von Willebrand disease in women with menorrhagia: a systematic review. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2004; 111(7): 734–740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kouides, PA, Conard, J, Peyvandi, F, et al. Hemostasis and menstruation: appropriate investigation for underlying disorders of hemostasis in women with excessive menstrual bleeding. Fertil Steril 2005; 84(5): 1345–1351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gleeson, NC. Cyclic changes in endometrial tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in women with normal menstruation and essential menorrhagia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171(1): 178–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, SK, Abel, MH, Kelly, RW, et al. A role for prostacyclin (PGi2) in excessive menstrual bleeding. Lancet 1981; 1(8219): 522–524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kelekci, S, Kaya, E, Alan, M, et al. Comparison of tranvaginal sonography, saline infused sonography, and office hysteroscopy in reproductive-aged women with or without abnormal uterine bleeding. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 682–686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dijkhuizen, FP, Mol, BW, Brolmann, HA, et al. The accuracy of endometrial sampling in the diagnosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. Cancer 2000; 89(8): 1765–1772.3.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rodriguez, GC, Yaqub, N, King, ME. A comparison of the pipelle device and the Vabra aspirator as measured by endometrial denudation in hysterectomy specimens: the pipelle devices samples significantly less of the endometrial surface than the Vabra aspirator. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 55–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 136: Management of abnormal uterine bleeding associated with ovulatory dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 136: 1–10.Google Scholar

Politi, MC, Han, PK, Col, NF. Communicating the uncertainty of harms and benefits of medical interventions. Med Decis Making 2007; 27: 681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stewart, A, Cummins, C, Gold, L, et al. The effectiveness of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in menorrhagia: a systematic review. BJOG. 2001 Jan; 108(1): 74–86. Review. PubMed PMID: 11213008.Google ScholarPubMed

Lowe, RF, Prata, N. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels in women using copper releasing or levonogestrel-releasing intrauterine devices: a systemic review. Contraception 2013; 486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Monteiro, I, Bahamondes, L, Diaz, J, et al. Therapeutic use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in women with menorrhagia: a pilot study(1). Contraception 2002; 65: 325–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lethaby, AE, Cooke, I, Rees, M. Progesterone or progestogen-releasing intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 19: CD002126.Google Scholar

Stewart, A, Cummins, C, Gold, L, et al. The effectiveness of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in menorrhagia: a systematic review. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2001; 108: 74–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00020.xGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lethaby, A, Farquhar, C, Cooke, I. Antifibrinolytics for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2: CD000249.Google Scholar

Lukes, AS, Moore, KA, Muse, KN, et al. Tranexamic acid treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116: 865–875(I).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lethaby, A, Hickey, M, Garry, R, Penninx, J. Endometrial resection / ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4: CD001501.Google Scholar

El-Nashar, SA, Hopkins, MR, Creedon, DJ, et al. Prediction of treatment outcomes after global endometrial ablation. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jin, C, Hu, Y, Chen, XC, et al. Laparoscopic versus open myomectomy–a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 145: 14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hanafi, M. Predictors of leiomyoma recurrence after myomectomy. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105(4): 877–881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Garza Leal, JG, Hernandez Leon, I, Castillo Saenz, L, et al. Laparoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency volumetric thermal ablation of symptomatic uterine leiomyomas: feasibility study using the Halt 2000 Ablation System. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011; 18: 364–371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berman, JM, Guido, RS, Leal, JG, et al. Three-year outcome from the Halt trial: a prospective analysis of radiofrequency volumetric thermal ablation of myomas. The J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014 Sep–Oct; 21(5): 767–774. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2014.02.015. Epub 2014 Mar 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kjerulff, KH, Rhodes, JC, Langenberg, PW, et al. Patient satisfaction with results of hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183: 1440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Plockinger, BJ, Kolbl, H. Development of ovarian pathology after hysterectomy without oophorectomy. J Am Coll Surg 1994; 178: 581–585.Google ScholarPubMed

Nieboer, TE, Johnson, N, Lethaby, A, et al. Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2009 Jul 8; 3: CD003677. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003677.pub4.Google Scholar

ACOG. Committee Opinion No. 444: Choosing the route of hysterectomy for benign disease. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114(5): 1156–1158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

AAGL Advancing Minimally Invasive Gynecology Worldwide. AAGL position statement: route of hysterectomy to treat benign uterine disease. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011; 18(1): 1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

US Food and Drug Administration. Laparoscopic Uterine Power Morcellation in Hysterectomy and Myomectomy: FDA Safety Communication. www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm393576.htm. (Accessed April 28, 2014.)Google Scholar

Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Position statement on morcellation. www.sgo.org/newsroom/position-statements-2/morcellation. (Accessed April 28, 2014.)Google Scholar

Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. Member update on laparoscopic uterine power morcellation in hysterectomy and myomectomy. www.aagl.org/aaglnews/aagl-member-update-fda-issues-safety-communication-on-laparoscopic-uterine-power-morcellation-in-hysterectomy-and-myomectomy. (Accessed April 28, 2014.)Google Scholar

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Statement: FDA Issues Safety Communication on Laparoscopic Uterine Power Morcellation in Hysterectomy and Myomectomy. www.acog.org/About_ACOG/Announcements/FDA_Issues_Safety_Communication_on_Laparoscopic_Uterine_Power_Morcellation. (Accessed April 28, 2014.)Google Scholar

Bulman, JC, Ascher, AM, Spies, JB. Current concepts in uterine fibroid embolization. Radiographics 2012; 32(6): 1735–1750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Omary, RA, Vasireddy, S, Chrisman, HB, et al. The effect of pelvic MR imaging on the diagnosis and treatment of women with presumed symptomatic uterine fibroids. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13(11): 1149–1153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Deshmukh, SP, Gonsalves, CF, Guglielmo, FF, Mitchell, DG. Role of MR imaging of uterine leiomyomas before and after embolization. Radiographics 2012; 32: E251–E281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kitamura, Y, Ascher, SM, Cooper, C, et al. Imaging manifestations of complications associated with uterine artery embolization. Radiographics 2005; 25:S119–S132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Funaki, K, Fukunishi, H, Funaki, T, Kawakami, C. Mid-term outcome of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery for uterine myomas: from six to twelve months after volume reduction. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2007; 14(5): 616–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Detels, R., et al., The incidence and correlates of symptomatic and asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in selected populations in five countries. Sex Transm Dis, 2011. 38(6): pp. 503–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McCormack, W.M., et al., Clinical spectrum of gonococcal infection in women. Lancet, 1977. 1(8023): pp. 1182–5.Google ScholarPubMed

Rana, P., et al., Ectopic pregnancy: a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 2013. 288(4): pp. 747–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Westrom, L., et al., Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility. A cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic results. Sex Transm Dis, 1992. 19(4): p. 185–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brunham, R.C., Immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis. J Infect Dis, 2013. 207(12): pp. 1796–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2012. December 2013, Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: www.cdc.gov/std/stats12/surv2012.pdf. Accessed Dec. 15, 2015.Google Scholar

Datta, S.D., et al., Gonorrhea and chlamydia in the United States among persons 14 to 39 years of age, 1999 to 2002. Ann Intern Med, 2007. 147(2): pp. 89–96. Available at: www.cdc.gov/std/stats12/surv2012.pdf. Accessed Dec. 8, 2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance. 2012 [cited 2014]. Available at: www.cdc.gov/std/stats12/tables/21.htm. Accessed Oct. 18, 2014.Google Scholar

Geisler, W.M., Diagnosis and management of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in adolescents and adults: summary of evidence reviewed for the 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis, 2011. 53(Suppl 3): pp. S92–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. MMWR, 2014. 63(Rr-2): pp. 1–24.Google Scholar

Peters, R.P., et al., Screening of oropharynx and anorectum increases prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in female STD clinic visitors. Sex Transm Dis, 2011. 38(9): pp. 783–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Trebach, J.D.1, et al., Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis among women reporting extragenital exposures. Sex Transm Dis, 2015 May. 42(5): pp. 233–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gaydos, C.A., et al., Chlamydia trachomatis reinfection rates among female adolescents seeking rescreening in school-based health centers. Sex Transm Dis, 2008. 35(3): pp. 233–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Update to CDC’s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010: oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections. MMWR, 2012. 61(31): pp. 590–4.Google Scholar

Workowski, K.A. and Berman, S., Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2010. 59(Rr-12): pp. 1–110.Google ScholarPubMed

National Institutes of Health, Efficacy of Combination Therapies for Gonorrhea Treatment. [Clinical Trial]. Available at: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00926796?term=gemifloxacin&cond=gonorrhea&rank=1. Accessed Dec. 8, 2015.Google Scholar

Taylor, B.D., et al., Microbial correlates of delayed care for pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Dis, 2011. 38(5): pp. 434–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Oakeshott, P., et al., Randomised controlled trial of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: the POPI (prevention of pelvic infection) trial. BMJ, 2010. 340: p. c1642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tubal infertility: serologic relationship to past chlamydial and gonococcal infection. World Health Organization Task Force on the Prevention and Management of Infertility. Sex Transm Dis, 1995. 22(2): pp. 71–7.Google Scholar

Jacobson, L. and Westrom, L., Objectivized diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Diagnostic and prognostic value of routine laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1969. 105(7): pp. 1088–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mitchell, C. and Prabhu, M., Pelvic inflammatory disease: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 2013. 27(4): pp. 793–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tepper, N.K., et al., Retention of intrauterine devices in women who acquire pelvic inflammatory disease: a systematic review. Contraception, 2013. 87(5): pp. 655–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schulte, J.M., et al., HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence in the United States among asymptomatic women unaware of any herpes simplex virus infection (Herpevac Trial for Women). South Med J, 2014. 107(2): pp. 79–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schillinger, J.A., et al., National seroprevalence and trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 in the United States, 1976–1994. Sex Transm Dis, 2004. 31(12): pp. 753–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bernstein, D.I., et al., Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibody response to primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in young women. Clin Infect Dis, 2013. 56(3): pp. 344–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blank, H. and Haines, H.G., Experimental human reinfection with herpes simplex virus. J Invest Dermatol, 1973. 61(4): pp. 223–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wald, A., et al., Knowledge of partners’ genital herpes protects against herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition. J Infect Dis, 2006. 194(1): pp. 42–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Langenberg, A.G., et al., A prospective study of new infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. Chiron HSV Vaccine Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1999. 341(19): pp. 1432–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Benedetti, J., Corey, L., and Ashley, R., Recurrence rates in genital herpes after symptomatic first-episode infection. Ann Intern Med, 1994. 121(11): p. 847–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Engelberg, R., et al., Natural history of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Sex Transm Dis, 2003. 30(2): pp. 174–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Reeves, W.C., et al., Risk of recurrence after first episodes of genital herpes. Relation to HSV type and antibody response. N Engl J Med, 1981. 305(6): pp. 315–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Corey, L., et al., Genital herpes simplex virus infections: clinical manifestations, course, and complications. Ann Intern Med, 1983. 98(6): pp. 958–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gupta, R., et al., Valacyclovir and acyclovir for suppression of shedding of herpes simplex virus in the genital tract. J Infect Dis, 2004. 190(8): pp. 1374–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wald, A. and Ashley-Morrow, R., Serological testing for herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis, 2002. 35(Suppl 2): pp. S173–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mertz, G.J., et al., Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral acyclovir in first-episode genital herpes simplex virus infection. JAMA, 1984. 252(9): pp. 1147–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Martin, E.T., et al., A pooled analysis of the effect of condoms in preventing HSV-2 acquisition. Arch Intern Med, 2009. 169(13): pp. 1233–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Corey, L., et al., Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N Engl J Med, 2004. 350(1): pp. 11–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perry, C.M. and Faulds, D., Valaciclovir: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpesvirus infections. Drugs, 1996. 52(5): pp. 754–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perry, C.M. and Wagstaff, A.J., Famciclovir: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpesvirus infections. Drugs, 1995. 50(2): pp. 396–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, Z.A., et al., Genital herpes complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 2005. 106(4): pp. 845–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. No. 82 June 2007. Management of herpes in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 2007. 109(6): pp. 1489–98.Google Scholar

Summary of notifiable diseases – United States, 2010. MMWR, 2012. 59(53): pp. 1–111.Google Scholar

Kaplan, J.E., et al., Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2009. 58(Rr-4): pp. 1–207; quiz CE1–4.Google Scholar

Patton, M.E., et al., Primary and secondary syphilis – United States, 2005–2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2014. 63(18): pp. 402–6.Google ScholarPubMed

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Ayers, J., Treponemal pallidum spirochete (image number 2392) accessed from CDC Public Health Image Library. Available at: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp?pid=2392. 1969. Accessed Dec. 13, 2015.Google Scholar

Calonge, N., Screening for syphilis infection: recommendation statement. Ann Fam Med, 2004. 2(4): pp. 362–5.Google ScholarPubMed

Syphilis testing algorithms using treponemal tests for initial screening – four laboratories, New York City, 2005–2006. MMWR, 2008. 57(32): pp. 872–5.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Ayers, J., Vulvar condyloma lata (image number 11256) accessed from CDC Public Health Image Library. Available at: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp?pid=11256. 1969. Accessed Dec. 13, 2015.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Diseases Characterized by Genital, Anal, or Perianal Ulcers. 2010 [cited 2014]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/genital-ulcers.htm-syphilis. Accessed Aug. 15, 2014.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Management of Persons Who Have a History of Penicillin Allergy. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2010 [cited 2014]. Available at: www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/penicillin-allergy.htm. Accessed Aug. 15, 2014.Google Scholar

Roett, M.A., Mayor, M.T., and Uduhiri, K.A., Diagnosis and management of genital ulcers. Am Fam Physician, 2012. 85(3): pp. 254–62.Google ScholarPubMed

Nelson, E.L. and Stockdale, C.K., Vulvar and vaginal HPV disease. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 2013. 40(2): pp. 359–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Campos-Outcalt, D., HPV vaccine is now routinely indicated for males. J Fam Pract, 2012. 61(1): p. 38–40.Google ScholarPubMed

Korostil, I.A., et al., Near elimination of genital warts in Australia predicted with extension of human papillomavirus vaccination to males. Sex Transm Dis, 2013. 40(11): pp. 833–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mortensen, G.L. and Larsen, H.K., The quality of life of patients with genital warts: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 2010. 10: p. 113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hammarlund, K. and Nystrom, M., The lived experience of genital warts: the Swedish example. Health Care Women Int, 2004. 25(5): pp. 489–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wiley, D.J., et al., External genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis, 2002. 35(Suppl 2): pp. S210–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vender, R., et al., Therapeutic options for external genital warts. J Cutan Med Surg, 2013. 17(Suppl 2): pp. S61–7.Google ScholarPubMed

Sutton, M., et al., The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001–2004. Clin Infect Dis, 2007. 45(10): pp. 1319–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Van Der Pol, B., et al., Prevalence, incidence, natural history, and response to treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adolescent women. J Infect Dis, 2005. 192(12): pp. 2039–44.Google ScholarPubMed

Krieger, J.N., et al., Diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Comparison of conventional wet-mount examination with cytologic studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens. JAMA, 1988. 259(8): pp. 1223–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Van Der Pol, B., Kraft, C.S., and Williams, J.A., Use of an adaptation of a commercially available PCR assay aimed at diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea to detect Trichomonas vaginalis in urogenital specimens. J Clin Microbiol, 2006. 44(2): pp. 366–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Caro-Paton, T., et al., Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1997. 44(2): pp. 179–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Klebanoff, M.A., et al., Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. N Engl J Med, 2001. 345(7): pp. 487–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

World Health Organization, HIV/AIDS Fact Sheet No. 360. 2014 [cited 2014]. Available at: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en. Accessed Dec. 11, 2014.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors – National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System: Men Who Have Sex With Men, 20 U.S. Cities, 2011. HIV Surveillance Special Report 8. 2014. Published September [cited 2014]. Available at: www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/surveillance/-special. Accessed Dec. 11, 2014.Google Scholar

US Preventive Services Task Force, Final Recommendation Statement: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Screening. December 2014. 2013 April [cited 2014]. Available at: www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening. Accessed Dec. 13, 2014.Google Scholar

Health Human Services, Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. 2014 [cited 2014]. Available at: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/perinatalgl.pdf. Accessed Dec. 14, 2014.Google Scholar

World Health Organization, Guidelines on HIV and Infant Feeding 2010: Principles and Recommendations for Infant Feeding in the Context of HIV and a Summary of Evidence [cited 2014]. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599535_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed Dec. 13, 2014.Google Scholar

O’Connor, E.A., et al., Behavioral sexual risk-reduction counseling in primary care to prevent sexually transmitted infections: an updated systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

LeFevre, M.L., Behavioral counseling interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garland, S.M. and Steben, M., Genital herpes. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2014 Oct. 28(7): pp. 1098–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Powers, RD, Guertler, AT. Abdominal pain in the ED: stability and change over 20 years. Am J Emerg Med 1995;13:301–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE). Saving Mothers’ Lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006–08. The Eighth Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG 2011;118(Suppl. 1):17.Google Scholar

Harris, RD, Holtzman, SR, Poppe, AM. Clinical outcome in female patients with pelvic pain and normal pelvic US findings. Radiology 2000;216:440–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Reiter, RC, Gambone, JC. Nongynecologic somatic pathology in women with chronic pelvic pain and negative laparoscopy. J Reprod Med 1991;36:253–259.Google ScholarPubMed

Workowski, KA, Berman, S; Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR Recomm Rep 2010 Dec 17;59(RR-12):1–110. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep 2011 Jan 14;60(1):18.Google Scholar

Bongard, F, Landers, DV, Lewis, F. Differential diagnosis of appendicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease: a prospective analysis. American Journal of Surgery 1985;150(1):90–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Padilla, LA, Radosevich, DM, Milad, MP. Accuracy of the pelvic examination in detecting adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96(4):593–8.Google ScholarPubMed

Morino, M, Pellegrino, L, Castagna, E, et al. Acute nonspecific abdominal pain: a randomized, controlled trial comparing early laparoscopy versus clinical observation. Ann Surg 2006;244:881–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gaitán, HG, Reveiz, L, Farquhar, C. Laparoscopy for the management of acute lower abdominal pain in women of childbearing age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;1: CD007683. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007683.pub2.Google Scholar

Decadt, B, Sussman, L, Lewis, MO, et al. Randomized clinical trial of early laparoscopy in the management of acute non-specific abdominal pain. Br J Surg 1999;86:1383–6.Google ScholarPubMed

DeWitt, J, Reining, A, Allsworth, JE, Peipert, JF. “Tuboovarian Abscesses: Is Size Associated with Duration of Hospitalization & Complications?” Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2010; 2010, Article ID 847041, 5 pages. doi:10.1155/2010/847041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen, SB, Wattiez, A, Seidman, DS, et al. Laparoscopy versus laparotomy for detorsion and sparing of twisted ischaemic adnexa. JSLS 2003;7:295–9.Google Scholar

Latthe, P, Latthe, M, Say, L, et al. WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity. BMC Public Health 2006;6:177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ahangari, A. Prevalence of chronic pelvic pain among women: an updated review. Pain Physician 2014;17:E141–7.Google ScholarPubMed

Latthe, P, Mignini, L, Gray, R, et al. Factors predisposing women to chronic pelvic pain: systematic review. BMJ 2006 Apr 1;332(7544):749–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mathias, SD, Kupperman, M, Liberman, RF, et al. Chronic pelvic pain: prevalence, health-related quality of life, and economic correlates. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:321–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zondervan, KT, Yudkin, PL, Vessey, MP, et al. The community prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in women and associated illness behaviour. Br J Gen Pract 2001;51:541–7.Google ScholarPubMed

Kroenke, K, Spitzer, RL, Williams, JB. The patient health questionnaire-2: validity of a two-items depression screener. Medical Care 2003;41:1284–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jamieson, DJ, Steege, JF. The association of sexual abuse with pelvic pain complaints in a primary care population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:1408–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raphael, KG, Widom, CS, Lange, G. Childhood victimization and pain in adulthood: a prospective investigation. Pain 2001;92:283–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gottlieb, AS. Domestic violence: a clinical guide for women’s health care providers. Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2012;14:197–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Howard, FM. The role of laparoscopy in the evaluation of chronic pelvic pain: pitfalls with a negative laparoscopy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1996;4:85–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.Ovarian Cancer. The recognition and initial management of ovarian cancer. NICE clinical guideline 122. London: NICE; 2011 [http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG122/NICEGuidance/pdf/English].Google Scholar

Okaro, E, Condous, G, Khalid, A, et al. The use of ultrasound-based “soft marker” for the predictions of pelvic pathology in women with chronic pelvic pain – can we reduce the need of laparoscopy. BJOG 2006;113(3):251–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meneses, LQ, Uribe, S, Tejos, C, et al. Using magnetic resonance phase-contrast velocity mapping for diagnosing pelvic congestion syndrome. Phlebology 2011;26:157–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Albee, RB Jr, Sinervo, K, Fisher, DT. Laparoscopic excision of lesions suggestive of endometriosis or otherwise atypical in appearance: relationship between visual findings and final histologic diagnosis. J Minim invasive Gynaecol 2008;15:32–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marana, R, Paielli, FV, Muzii, L, et al. [The role of laparoscopy in the evaluation of chronic pelvic pain.] Minerva Ginecol 1993;45:281–6.Google ScholarPubMed

Kresch, AJ, Seifer, DB, Sachs, LB, Barrese, I. Laparoscopy in 100 women with chronic pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol 1984;64:672–4.Google ScholarPubMed

Dunselman, GA, Vermeulen, N, Becker, C, et al. ESHRE guideline: management of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2014 Mar;29(3):400–12. doi:10.1093/humrep/det457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Soysal, ME, Vicdan, K, Soysal, S, Ozer, S. A controlled trial of goserelin and medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of pelvic congestion. Human Reproduction 2001;16(5):931–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, J, Pan, A, Hart, RJ. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;12:CD008475. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008475.pub2.Google Scholar

Farmer, JE, Prentice, A, Breeze, A, et al. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for endometriosis: bone mineral density. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;4:CD001297. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001297.Google Scholar

Bedaiwy, MA, Casper, RF. Treatment with leuprolide acetate and hormonal add-back for up to 10 years in stage IV endometriosis patients with chronic pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 2006;86:220–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sator-Katzenschlager, SM, Scharbert, G, Kress, HG, et al. Chronic pelvic pain treated with gabapentin and amitriptilyne. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 2005;117(21–22):761–8.Google Scholar

Peters, AA, van Dorst, E, Jellis, B, et al. A randomized clinical trial to compare two different approaches in women with chronic pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:740–4.Google ScholarPubMed

Srivastava, D. Efficacy of sacral neuromodulation in treating chronic pain related to painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis in adults. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2012;28:428–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Haugstad, GK, Haugstad, TS, Kirste, UM, et al. Mensendieck somatocognitive therapy as treatment approach to chronic pelvic pain: results of a randomized controlled intervention study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006 May;194(5):1303–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Farquhar, CM, Rogers, V, Franks, S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of medroxyprogesterone acetate and psychotherapy for the treatment of pelvic congestion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989 Oct;96(10):1153–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Swank, DJ, Swank-Bordewijk, SC, Hop, WC, et al. Laparoscopic adhesiolysis in patients with chronic abdominal pain: a blinded randomised controlled multi-centre trial. Lancet 2003;361(9365):1247–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Elcombe, S, Gath, D, Day, A. The psychological effects of laparoscopy on women with chronic pelvic pain. Psychol Med 1997;27:1041–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hillis, SD, Marchbank, PA, Peterson, HB. The effectiveness of hysterectomy for chronic pelvic pain. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1995;86(6):941–5.Google ScholarPubMed

Daniels, JP, Middleton, L, Xiong, T, et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised evidence to assess the effectiveness of laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation in chronic pelvic pain. Hum Reprod Update. 2010 Nov–Dec;16(6):568–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Andrews, J, Yunker, A, Reynolds, WS, et al. Noncyclic Chronic Pelvic Pain Therapies for Women: Comparative Effectiveness [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2012 Jan. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 41.) Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK84586. Assessed July 2014.Google ScholarPubMed

Schultz, WW, van Andel, P, Sabelis, I, Mooyaart, E. Magnetic resonance imaging of male and female genitals during coitus and female sexual arousal. BMJ 1999 Dec 18–25;319(7225):1596–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Friedrich, EG. Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. J Reprod Med 1987 Feb; 32(2):110–14.Google ScholarPubMed

Sturdee, DW, Panay, N; International Menopause Society Writing Group. Recommendations for the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Climacteric 2010 Dec;13(6):509–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cui, Y, Zong, HT, Yan, HL, et al. Treating dyspareunia associated with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Med 2014;11:487–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ferreira, JR, Souza, RP. Botulinum toxin for vaginismus treatment. Pharmacology 2012;89(5–6):256–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, PC. The outcome of treatment for pelvic congestion syndrome. Phlebology 2012 Mar;27(Suppl 1):74–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beard, RW, Kennedy, RG, Gangar, KF, et al. Bilateral oophorectomy and hysterectomy in the treatment of intractable pelvic pain associated with pelvic congestion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991;98:988–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baird, DD. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women; ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188(1): 100–7.Google ScholarPubMed

Marshall, LM. Variation in the incidence of uterine leiomyoma among premenopausal women by age and race. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90(6): 967–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee on Gynecology Practice. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 83. Management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol 2007 July; 110: 201–14.Google Scholar

Lentz, GM. Comprehensive Gynecology, 6th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby, 2012.Google Scholar

Padilla, LA. Limitations of the pelvic examination for evaluation of the female pelvic organs. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2005 January; 88(1): 84–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cantuaria, GH. Comparison of binmanual examination with ultrasound examination before hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92(1): 109–12.Google ScholarPubMed

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Management of adnexal mass. Evidence Based Report/Technology Assessment No. 130. AHRQ 2006. Available at: www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/adnexal/adnexal.pdf. Accessed July 2014.Google Scholar

Chiou, S. Adnexal torsion: new clinical and imaging observations by sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. American Institute of Ultrasound Medicine 2007; 26(10): 1289–1301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bider, D. Clinical, surgical and pathologic findings of adnexal torsion in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991; 173(5): 363–6.Google ScholarPubMed

Pena, J. Usefulness of Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of ovarian torsion. Fertility and Sterility 2000; 73(5): 1047–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Oelsner, G. Adnexal torsion. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006; 49(3); 459–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lande, MC. Adnexa and cul-de-sac abnormalities: transvaginal sonography. Radiology 1988; 166(2): 325–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lee, DC. Sensitivity of ultrasound for the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess: a case report and literature review. Journal of Emergency Medicine 2011; 40(2): 170–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Modesitt, SC. Risk of malignancy in unilocular ovarian cystic tumors less than 10 centimeters in diameter. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102(3): 594–9.Google ScholarPubMed

Booth, M. Risk factors for ovarian cancer: a case-control study. Br J Cancer 1989; 60(4): 592–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 103. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2009 April; 113(4): 957–66.Google Scholar

Ueland, FR. Effectiveness of a multivariate index assay in the preoperative assessment of ovarian tumors. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117(6): 1289–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dearking, AC. How relevant are ACOG and SGO guidelines for referral of adnexal mass? Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110(4): 841–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goode, PS, Burgio, KL, Richter, HE, Markland, AD. Incontinence in older women. JAMA. 2010 Jun 2;303(21):2172–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Herderschee, R, Hay-Smith, EJ, Herbison, GP, et al. Feedback or biofeedback to augment pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7):CD009252.Google Scholar

Markland, AD, Vaughan, CP, Johnson, TM, 2nd, et al. Incontinence. Med Clin North Am. 2011 May;95(3):539–54, x–xi.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Keyock, KL, Newman, DK. Understanding stress urinary incontinence. Nurse Pract. 2011 Oct;36(10):24–36; quiz 7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Deng, DY. Urinary incontinence in women. Med Clin North Am. 2011 Jan;95(1):101–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abrams, P, Cardozo, L, Fall, M, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002;21(2):167–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Resnick, NM. Geriatric incontinence. Urol Clin North Am. 1996 Feb;23(1):55–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abrams, P, Andersson, KE, Birder, L, et al. Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(1):213–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Danforth, KN, Townsend, MK, Lifford, K, et al. Risk factors for urinary incontinence among middle-aged women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Feb;194(2):339–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Auwad, W, Steggles, P, Bombieri, L, et al. Moderate weight loss in obese women with urinary incontinence: a prospective longitudinal study. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008 Sep;19(9):1251–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Urinary incontinence in women (CG171). 2nd ed. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2013.Google Scholar

Kadar, N. The value of bladder filling in the clinical detection of urine loss and selection of patients for urodynamic testing. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988 Jul;95(7):698–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Swift, SE, Yoon, EA. Test-retest reliability of the cough stress test in the evaluation of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jul;94(1):99–102.Google ScholarPubMed

Laycock, J. Pelvic muscle exercises: physiotherapy for the pelvic floor. Urol Nurs. 1994 Sep;14(3):136–40.Google ScholarPubMed

Slevin, ML, Plant, H, Lynch, D, et al. Who should measure quality of life, the doctor or the patient? Br J Cancer. 1988 Jan;57(1):109–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bristow, SE, Hilton, P. Assessment and investigations for urinary incontinence. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2000 Apr;14(2):227–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nager, CW, Brubaker, L, Litman, HJ, et al. A randomized trial of urodynamic testing before stress-incontinence surgery. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 24;366(21):1987–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Weber, AM, Taylor, RJ, Wei, JT, et al. The cost-effectiveness of preoperative testing (basic office assessment vs. urodynamics) for stress urinary incontinence in women. BJU Int. 2002 Mar;89(4):356–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

DuBeau, CE, Morrow, JD, Kraus, SR, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fesoterodine versus tolterodine in older and younger subjects with overactive bladder: a post hoc, pooled analysis from two placebo-controlled trials. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012 Nov;31(8):1258–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Johnson, ST. From incontinence to confidence. Am J Nurs. 2000 Feb;100(2):69–74, 76.Google ScholarPubMed

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of urinary incontinence in primary care – a national clinical guideline 2005. Available from: www.sign.ac.uk. Accessed May 1, 2015.Google Scholar

Kafri, R, Shames, J, Raz, M, Katz-Leurer, M. Rehabilitation versus drug therapy for urge urinary incontinence: long-term outcomes. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008 Jan;19(1):47–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Mirabegron for treating symptoms of overactive bladder, 2013. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA290. Accessed December 20, 2015.Google Scholar

DeLancey, JO. Anatomic aspects of vaginal eversion after hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992, Jun;166(6 Pt 1):1717–24; discussion 1724–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

DeLancey, JO. Structural anatomy of the posterior pelvic compartment as it relates to rectocele. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999, Apr;180(4):815–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hsu, Y, Lewicky-Gaupp, C, DeLancey, JO. Posterior compartment anatomy as seen in magnetic resonance imaging and 3-dimensional reconstruction from asymptomatic nulliparas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198(6):651.e1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lewicky-Gaupp, C, Yousuf, A, Larson, KA, et al. Structural position of the posterior vagina and pelvic floor in women with and without posterior vaginal prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010, May;202(5):497.e1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Clark, NA, Brincat, CA, Yousuf, AA, Delancey, JO. Levator defects affect perineal position independently of prolapse status. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010, Dec;203(6):595.e17–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barber, MD, Maher, C. Epidemiology and outcome assessment of pelvic organ prolapse. Int Urogynecol J 2013, Nov;24(11):1783–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wu, JM, Matthews, CA, Conover, MM, et al. Lifetime risk of stress urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse surgery. Obstet Gynecol 2014, Jun;123(6):1201–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Samuelsson, EC, Victor, FT, Tibblin, G, Svärdsudd, KF. Signs of genital prolapse in a Swedish population of women 20 to 59 years of age and possible related factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999, Feb;180(2 Pt 1):299–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, JS, Waetjen, LE, Subak, LL, et al. Pelvic organ prolapse surgery in the united states, 1997. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002, Apr;186(4):712–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wu, JM, Hundley, AF, Fulton, RG, Myers, ER. Forecasting the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders in US women: 2010 to 2050. Obstet Gynecol 2009, Dec;114(6):1278–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Muir, TW, Aspera, AM, Rackley, RR, Walters, MD. Recurrent pelvic organ prolapse in a woman with bladder exstrophy: a case report of surgical management and review of the literature. Int Urogynecol J 2004;15(6):436–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fernandes, NF, Schwartz, RA. A “hyperextensive” review of ehlers-danlos syndrome. Cutis 2008, Oct;82(4):242–8.Google Scholar

Allen-Brady, K, Cannon-Albright, LA, Farnham, JM, Norton, PA. Evidence for pelvic organ prolapse predisposition genes on chromosomes 10 and 17. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015 Jun;212(6):771.e1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.037. Epub 2014 Dec 31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chow, D, Rodríguez, LV. Epidemiology and prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse. Curr Opin Urol 2013, Jul;23(4):293–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sung, VW, Rardin, CR, Raker, CA, et al. Changes in bowel symptoms 1 year after rectocele repair. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012, Nov;207(5):423.e1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bump, RC, Mattiasson, A, Bø, K, et al. The standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175(1):10–17CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baden, WF, Walker, TA. Genesis of the vaginal profile: a correlated classification of vaginal relaxation. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 1972;15:1048–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Altman, D, Zetterstrom, J, Schultz, I, et al. Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence in women with surgically managed rectal prolapse: A population-based case-control study. Dis Colon Rectum 2006, Jan;49(1):28–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kudish, BI, Iglesia, CB, Sokol, RJ, et al. Effect of weight change on natural history of pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 2009, Jan;113(1):81–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hagen, S, Stark, D, Glazener, C, et al. Individualised pelvic floor muscle training in women with pelvic organ prolapse (POPPY): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2014, Mar;383(9919):796–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alperin, M, Khan, A, Dubina, E, et al. Patterns of pessary care and outcomes for Medicare beneficiaries with pelvic organ prolapse. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2013;19(3):142–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cundiff, GW, Weidner, AC, Visco, AG, et al. A survey of pessary use by members of the American urogynecologic society. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2000;95(6 Pt 1):931–5.Google ScholarPubMed

Clemons, JL, Aguilar, VC, Tillinghast, TA, et al. Risk factors associated with an unsuccessful pessary fitting trial in women with pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 Feb;190(2):345–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cundiff, GW, Amundsen, CL, Bent, AE, et al. The PESSRI study: symptom relief outcomes of a randomized crossover trial of the ring and gellhorn pessaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007, Apr;196(4):405.e1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alnaif, B, Drutz, HP. Bacterial vaginosis increases in pessary users. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2000;11(4):219–22; discussion 222–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Shah, AD, Kohli, N, Rajan, SS, Hoyte, L. The age distribution, rates, and types of surgery for stress urinary incontinence in the USA. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2008, Jan;19(1):89–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barber, MD, Amundsen, CL, Paraiso, MF, et al. Quality of life after surgery for genital prolapse in elderly women: obliterative and reconstructive surgery. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2007, Jul;18(7):799–806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nygaard, I, Brubaker, L, Zyczynski, HM, et al. Long-term outcomes following abdominal sacrocolpopexy for pelvic organ prolapse. JAMA 2013;309(19):2016–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

FDA Public Health Notification: serious complications associated with transvaginal placement of surgical mesh in repair of pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. 20 October 2008. Available at: www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/PublicHealthNotifications/ucm061976.htm. Accessed January 11, 2015.Google Scholar

FDA Safety Communication: update on serious complications associated with transvaginal placement of surgical mesh for pelvic organ prolapse. 13 July 2011. Available at: www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm262435.htm. Accessed January 11, 2015.Google Scholar

Kent, HL. Epidemiology of vaginitis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1991;165(4 Pt 2):1168–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lipsky, MS, Waters, T, Sharp, LK. Impact of vaginal antifungal products on utilization of health care services: evidence from physician visits. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice /American Board of Family Practice. 2000;13(3):178–82.Google ScholarPubMed

Anderson, MR, Klink, K, Cohrssen, A. Evaluation of vaginal complaints. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2004;291(11):1368–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berg, AO, Heidrich, FE, Fihn, SD, et al. Establishing the cause of genitourinary symptoms in women in a family practice. Comparison of clinical examination and comprehensive microbiology. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 1984;251(5):620–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nyirjesy, P, Peyton, C, Weitz, MV, et al. Causes of chronic vaginitis: analysis of a prospective database of affected women. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2006;108(5):1185–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Haider, Z, Condous, G, Kirk, E, et al. The simple outpatient management of Bartholin’s abscess using the Word catheter: a preliminary study. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology. 2007;47(2):137–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ball, SB, Wojnarowska, F. Vulvar dermatoses: lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, and vulval dermatitis/lichen simplex chronicus. Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery. 1998;17(3):182–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hoang, MP, Reuter, J, Papalas, JA, et al. Vulvar inflammatory dermatoses: an update and review. American journal of dermatopathology. 2014;36(9):689–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Green, C, Colquitt, JL, Kirby, J, Davidson, P. Topical corticosteroids for atopic eczema: clinical and cost effectiveness of once-daily vs. more frequent use. British journal of dermatology. 2005;152(1):130–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ridley, CM, Neill, SM. The vulva. 2nd ed. Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell Science; 1999. ix, 314 pp.Google Scholar

McPherson, T, Cooper, S. Vulval lichen sclerosus and lichen planus. Dermatologic therapy. 2010;23(5):523–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Leibovitz, A, Kaplun, VV, Saposhnicov, N, Habot, B. Vulvovaginal examinations in elderly nursing home women residents. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2000;31(1):1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dalziel, KL. Effect of lichen sclerosus on sexual function and parturition. Journal of reproductive medicine. 1995;40(5):351–4.Google ScholarPubMed

Neill, SM, Lewis, FM, Tatnall, FM, Cox, NH, British Association of Dermatologists British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2010. British journal of dermatology. 2010;163(4):672–82.Google ScholarPubMed

Chi, CC, Kirtschig, G, Baldo, M, et al. Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2011;12:CD008240.Google Scholar

Kennedy, CM, Galask, RP. Erosive vulvar lichen planus: retrospective review of characteristics and outcomes in 113 patients seen in a vulvar specialty clinic. Journal of reproductive medicine. 2007;52(1):43–7.Google Scholar

Lewis, FM, Bogliatto, F. Erosive vulval lichen planus – a diagnosis not to be missed: a clinical review. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology. 2013;171(2):214–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ridley, CM. Chronic erosive vulval disease. Clinical and experimental dermatology. 1990;15(4):245–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kennedy, CM, Peterson, LB, Galask, RP. Erosive vulvar lichen planus: a cohort at risk for cancer? The Journal of reproductive medicine. 2008;53(10):781–4.Google ScholarPubMed

Cooper, SM, Wojnarowska, F. Influence of treatment of erosive lichen planus of the vulva on its prognosis. Archives of dermatology. 2006;142(3):289–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, M, Kutzner, S, Kaufman, RH. Treatment of vulvovaginal lichen planus with vaginal hydrocortisone suppositories. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2002;100(2):359–62.Google ScholarPubMed

Alikhan, A, Lynch, PJ, Eisen, DB. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a comprehensive review. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2009;60(4):539–61; quiz 62–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van der Zee, HH, Laman, JD, Boer, J, Prens, EP. Hidradenitis suppurativa: viewpoint on clinical phenotyping, pathogenesis and novel treatments. Experimental dermatology. 2012;21(10):735–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Darragh, TM, Colgan, TJ, Thomas Cox, J, et al. The Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology Standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. International journal of gynecological pathology: official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2013;32(1):76–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Van de Nieuwenhof, HP, Massuger, LF, van der Avoort, IA, et al. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma development after diagnosis of VIN increases with age. European journal of cancer. 2009;45(5):851–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Foxman, B. The epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis: risk factors. American journal of public health. 1990;80(3):329–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sobel, JD. Vulvovaginal candidosis. Lancet. 2007;369(9577):1961–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barbone, F, Austin, H, Louv, WC, Alexander, WJ. A follow-up study of methods of contraception, sexual activity, and rates of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1990;163(2):510–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Donders, GG, Berger, J, Heuninckx, H, et al. Vaginal flora changes on Pap smears after insertion of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Contraception. 2011;83(4):352–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Xu, J, Schwartz, K, Bartoces, M, et al. Effect of antibiotics on vulvovaginal candidiasis: a MetroNet study. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JABFM. 2008;21(4):261–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abbott, J. Clinical and microscopic diagnosis of vaginal yeast infection: a prospective analysis. Annals of emergency medicine. 1995;25(5):587–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Watson, MC, Grimshaw, JM, Bond, CM, et al. Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal agents for the treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush): a systematic review. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2002;109(1):85–95.Google ScholarPubMed

Sobel, JD, Brooker, D, Stein, GE, et al. Single oral dose fluconazole compared with conventional clotrimazole topical therapy of Candida vaginitis. Fluconazole Vaginitis Study Group. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1995;172(4 Pt 1):1263–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sobel, JD, Kapernick, PS, Zervos, M, et al. Treatment of complicated Candida vaginitis: comparison of single and sequential doses of fluconazole. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2001;185(2):363–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sobel, JD, Wiesenfeld, HC, Martens, M, et al. Maintenance fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. The New England journal of medicine. 2004;351(9):876–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Phillips, AJ. Treatment of non-albicans Candida vaginitis with amphotericin B vaginal suppositories. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2005;192(6):2009–12; discussion 12–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sobel, JD, Chaim, W, Nagappan, V, Leaman, D. Treatment of vaginitis caused by Candida glabrata: use of topical boric acid and flucytosine. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2003;189(5):1297–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hill, GB. The microbiology of bacterial vaginosis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1993;169(2 Pt 2):450–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allsworth, JE, Peipert, JF. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: 2001–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2007;109(1):114–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fethers, KA, Fairley, CK, Hocking, JS, et al. Sexual risk factors and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2008;47(11):1426–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Madden, T, Grentzer, JM, Secura, GM, et al. Risk of bacterial vaginosis in users of the intrauterine device: a longitudinal study. Sexually transmitted diseases. 2012;39(3):217–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ness, RB, Hillier, SL, Richter, HE, et al. Douching in relation to bacterial vaginosis, lactobacilli, and facultative bacteria in the vagina. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2002;100(4):765.Google ScholarPubMed

Amsel, R, Totten, PA, Spiegel, CA, et al. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. The American journal of medicine. 1983;74(1):14–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Landers, DV, Wiesenfeld, HC, Heine, RP, et al. Predictive value of the clinical diagnosis of lower genital tract infection in women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2004;190(4):1004–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sheiness, D, Dix, K, Watanabe, S, Hillier, SL. High levels of Gardnerella vaginalis detected with an oligonucleotide probe combined with elevated pH as a diagnostic indicator of bacterial vaginosis. Journal of clinical microbiology. 1992;30(3):642–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bradshaw, CS, Morton, AN, Garland, SM, et al. Evaluation of a point-of-care test, BVBlue, and clinical and laboratory criteria for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2005;43(3):1304–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Myziuk, L, Romanowski, B, Johnson, SC. BVBlue test for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2003;41(5):1925–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wiesenfeld, HC, Hillier, SL, Krohn, MA, et al. Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003;36(5):663–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cherpes, TL, Meyn, LA, Krohn, MA, et al. Association between acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women and bacterial vaginosis. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003;37(3):319–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Plitt, SS, Garfein, RS, Gaydos, CA, et al. Prevalence and correlates of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis infections, and bacterial vaginosis among a cohort of young injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. Sexually transmitted diseases. 2005;32(7):446–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Martin, HL, Richardson, BA, Nyange, PM, et al. Vaginal lactobacilli, microbial flora, and risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and sexually transmitted disease acquisition. Journal of infectious diseases. 1999;180(6):1863–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Soper, DE, Bump, RC, Hurt, WG. Bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis vaginitis are risk factors for cuff cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1990;163(3):1016–21; discussion 21–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Leitich, H, Bodner-Adler, B, Brunbauer, M, et al. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2003;189(1):139–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hillier, SL, Krohn, MA, Cassen, E, The role of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal bacteria in amniotic fluid infection in women in preterm labor with intact fetal membranes. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995;20(Suppl 2):S276–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hillier, SL, Kiviat, NB, Hawes, SE, et al. Role of bacterial vaginosis-associated microorganisms in endometritis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1996;175(2):435–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hanson, JM, McGregor, JA, Hillier, SL, et al. Metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis. A comparison of vaginal gel vs. oral therapy. Journal of reproductive medicine. 2000;45(11):889–96.Google ScholarPubMed

Paavonen, J, Mangioni, C, Martin, MA, Wajszczuk, CP. Vaginal clindamycin and oral metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis: a randomized trial. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2000;96(2):256–60.Google ScholarPubMed

Livengood, CH 3rd, Soper, DE, Sheehan, KL, et al. Comparison of once-daily and twice-daily dosing of 0.75% metronidazole gel in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Sexually transmitted diseases. 1999;26(3):137–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bradshaw, CS, Morton, AN, Hocking, J, et al. High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence. Journal of infectious diseases. 2006;193(11):1478–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yudin, MH, Landers, DV, Meyn, L, Hillier, SL. Clinical and cervical cytokine response to treatment with oral or vaginal metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy: a randomized trial. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2003;102(3):527–34.Google ScholarPubMed

Vejtorp, M, Bollerup, AC, Vejtorp, L, et al. Bacterial vaginosis: a double-blind randomized trial of the effect of treatment of the sexual partner. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 1988;95(9):920–6.Google ScholarPubMed

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. MMWR Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 2002;51(RR-6):1–78.Google Scholar

Sobel, JD, Subramanian, C, Foxman, B, et al. Mixed vaginitis – more than coinfection and with therapeutic implications. Current infectious disease reports. 2013;15(2):104–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Van Der Pol, B, Williams, JA, Orr, DP, et al. Prevalence, incidence, natural history, and response to treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adolescent women. Journal of infectious diseases. 2005;192(12):2039–44.Google ScholarPubMed

Hammill, HA. Trichomonas vaginalis. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America. 1989;16(3):531–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wolner-Hanssen, P, Krieger, JN, Stevens, CE, et al. Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 1989;261(4):571–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Krieger, JN, Tam, MR, Stevens, CE, et al. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Comparison of conventional wet-mount examination with cytologic studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 1988;259(8):1223–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schwebke, JR, Hobbs, MM, Taylor, SN, et al. Molecular testing for Trichomonas vaginalis in women: results from a prospective US clinical trial. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2011;49(12):4106–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sorvillo, F, Kerndt, P. Trichomonas vaginalis and amplification of HIV-1 transmission. Lancet. 1998;351(9097):213–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sorvillo, F, Smith, L, Kerndt, P, Ash, L. Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV, and African-Americans. Emerging infectious diseases. 2001;7(6):927–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McClelland, RS, Sangare, L, Hassan, WM, et al. Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. Journal of infectious diseases. 2007;195(5):698–702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zhang, ZF, Begg, CB. Is Trichomonas vaginalis a cause of cervical neoplasia? Results from a combined analysis of 24 studies. International journal of epidemiology. 1994;23(4):682–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Moodley, P, Wilkinson, D, Connolly, C, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002;34(4):519–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Silver, BJ, Guy, RJ, Kaldor, JM, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of perinatal morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexually transmitted diseases. 2014;41(6):369–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Reichman, O, Sobel, J. Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: best practice and research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stockdale, CK. Clinical spectrum of desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. Current infectious disease reports. 2010;12(6):479–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Oates, JK, Rowen, D. Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a review. Genitourinary medicine. 1990;66(4):275–9.Google ScholarPubMed

Sobel, JD, Reichman, O, Misra, D, Yoo, W. Prognosis and treatment of desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2011;117(4):850–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sobel, JD. Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a new subgroup of purulent vaginitis responsive to topical 2% clindamycin therapy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1994;171(5):1215–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nyirjesy, P. Postmenopausal vaginitis. Current infectious disease reports. 2007;9(6):480–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ballagh, SA. Vaginal hormone therapy for urogenital and menopausal symptoms. Seminars in reproductive medicine. 2005;23(2):126–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bulletins – Gynecology ACoP. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, Number 72, May 2006: Vaginitis. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2006;107(5):1195–206.Google Scholar

Katz, AR, Lee, MV, Wasserman, GM. Sexually transmitted disease (STD) update: a review of the CDC 2010 STD treatment guidelines and epidemiologic trends of common STDs in Hawai’i. Hawai’i journal of medicine & public health: a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health. 2012;71(3):68–73.Google ScholarPubMed

Walker, CL, Stewart, EA. Uterine fibroids: the elephant in the room. Science 2005 Jun; 308(5728): 1589–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Okolo, S. Incidence, aetiology and epidemiology of uterine fibroids. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2008 Aug; 22(4): 571–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 96. Alternatives to Hysterectomy in the Management of Leiomyomas. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 201.Google Scholar

Baird, D, Dunson, B, Hill, M, et al. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 100–7.Google ScholarPubMed

Eltoukhi, HM, Modi, MN, Weston, M, et al. The health disparities of uterine fibroid tumors for African American women: a public health issue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014 Mar; 210(3): 194–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cardozo, ER, Clark, AD, Banks, NK, et al. The estimated annual cost of uterine leiomyomata in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012 Mar; 206 (3):211.e1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Shen, Y, Xu, Q, Xu, J, et al. Environmental exposure and risk of uterine leiomyoma: an epidemiologic survey. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013; 17: 3249–56.Google ScholarPubMed

Segars, JH, Parrott, EC, Nagel, JD, et al. Proceedings from the Third National Institutes of Health International Congress on Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: comprehensive review, conference summary and future recommendations. Hum Reprod Update 2014 May–Jun; 20(3): 309–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stewart, EA, Morton, CC, The genetics of uterine leiomyoma: what clinicians need to know. Obstet Gynecol 2006 April; 107; 917–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Medikare, V, Kandukuri, LR, Ananthapur, V, et al. The genetic bases of uterine fibroids: a review. Journal Reprod Infertil 2011 Jul/Sept; 12(3): 181–91.Google ScholarPubMed

Mehine, M, Kaasinen, E, Mäkinen, N, et al. Characterization of uterine leiomyomas by whole-genome sequencing. N Engl J Med 2013 July; 4(369): 43–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brosens, J, Campo, R, Gordts, S, Brosens, I. Submucous and outer myometrium leiomyomas are two distinct clinical entities. Fertil Steril 2003 Jun; 79(6): 1452–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Polena, V, Mergui, JL, Perrot, N, et al. Long-term results of hysteroscopic myomectomy in 235 patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007 Feb;130 (2):232–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed