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6 - Identifying the Contaminant Levels in River Floods That Occurred in the Past

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2025

Blanca Jiménez Cisneros
Affiliation:
Division of Water Sciences, UNESCO
Alexandros K. Makarigakis
Affiliation:
Natural Sciences Sector, UNESCO
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Summary

This chapter explores the potential of using sediment cores from floodplain lakes to assess contaminant levels in riverine flood deposits. It emphasises the limited knowledge about contaminants carried by floodwaters and their risks due to a lack of long-term monitoring data. Sediment cores offer a solution by preserving historical events, enabling the reconstruction of past contaminant levels. Theoretical background and methods for identifying historical flood deposits in sediment cores are discussed, along with temporal trends in waterway pollution. Case studies from Australia and Canada demonstrate the technique’s contribution to understanding the contamination levels in sediments deposited by river floods. Acknowledging the need for refinement, the chapter calls for a better understanding of uncertainties and the development of models to convert contaminant levels in flood deposits to those in the water column. Despite being in its early stages, the use of sediment cores holds great potential for enhancing flood risk assessment and management.

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