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6 - Collembola, Dermaptera

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2009

William H. Robinson
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Summary

COLLEMBOLA

Introduction

Springtails are 0.75–6 mm long, wingless and soft-bodied insects. The abdominal segments are fused and there are not more than six segments visible. Antennae have 4–8 segments. The common name is derived from a forked structure, the furcula, which helps to propel them through the air. The furcula is on the fourth ventral abdominal segment, and when at rest it is folded under the abdomen. Jumps are made by forcefully extending the furcula downward and backward to strike the substrate, which lifts the insect. The jumping ability is strongly developed in terrestrial springtails, which jump to escape from predators. Entomobrya dorsalis is 2 mm long, but it can travel a distance of more than 16 cm. When disturbed, most springtails can be airborne within 50 ms, and Allacma fusca takes only 12 ms to respond with a jump. On the ventral side of abdominal segment 1 there is an eversible vesicle, called the collophore. This hold-fast structure provides for water absorption from moist substrates. Eyes are reduced to 1–8 ommatidia or absent. Mouthparts are mandibulate or suctorial and styletlike. Collembola have simple metamorphosis and the immature stages resemble the adults.

Mating behavior ranges from males randomly placing stalked spermatophores in the environment for females to discover, to males and females involved in elaborate courtship and mating involving a stalked spermatophore, or direct transfer to the female. Females do not retain sperm during ecdysis, and must collect a spermatophore after each molt to continue to lay fertilized eggs.

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Chapter
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Urban Insects and Arachnids
A Handbook of Urban Entomology
 , pp. 139 - 146
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

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References

Salmon, J. T.An index to the Collembola. Bull. R. Soc. N. Z. 1 (1964), 1–144 (1964); 2 (1964), 145–644; 3 (1965), 645–651Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. H. and Davies, T. W.. Entomobrya kanaba (Wray) (Collembola: Entomobryidae): an indoor household pest in central California. Pan-Pacific Entomol., 56 (1980), 155–6Google Scholar
Bellinger, P. F.A new family of Collembola (Arthropoda, Tracheata). Carib. J. Sci., 21 (1985), 117–23Google Scholar
Betsch, J.-M.Elements pour une monographie des Collemboles Symphypleones (Hexapodes, Apterygotes). Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., Serie A, 116 (1980), 1–227Google Scholar
Bowden, J., Haines, I. H., and Mercer, D.. Climbing Collembola. Pedobiologia, 16 (1976), 298–312Google Scholar
Brackenberry, J. and Hunt, H.. Jumping in springtails: mechanism and dynamics. J. Zool., 229 (1993), 217–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brummer-Korvenkontio, M. and Brummer-Korvenkontio, L.. Springtails (Collembola) on and in snow. Mem. Soc. Pr. Fauna Flora Fennica, 56 (1980), 91–4Google Scholar
Butcher, J. W., Snider, R., and Snider, R. J.. Bioecology of edaphic Collembola and Acarina. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 16 (1971), 249–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, K.Bionomics of Collembola. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 9 (1964), 147–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folsom, J. W.The economic importance of Collembola. J. Econ. Entomol., 26 (1933), 934–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkin, S. E. Biology of the Springtails (Insecta: Collembola). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997
Lawrence, P. N.Collembola (springtails) of sewage filters. Waste Water Treat., 13 (1970), 106–109Google Scholar
Maria Mutt, J. A. M.Swarming of Entomobrya urostrigata (Insecta: Collembola) in South Holland, Cook County, Illinois. Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci., 71 (1978), 236–7Google Scholar
Pichard, S.Contribution à l'étude de la biologie de Podura aquatica (Linné) Collembole. Bull. Biol., 108 (1973), 191–9Google Scholar
Richards, W. R.Genetic classification, evolution and biogeography of the Sminthuridae of the World (Collembola). Mem. Ent. Soc. Can., 53 (1968), 1–54Google Scholar
Scott, D. B.The economic biology of Collembola. J. Econ. Entomol., 46 (1953), 1048–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, H. G., Wiseman, J. S., and Stojanovich, C. J.. Collembola infesting man. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 55 (1962), 428–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, K. and P. Bellinger. The Collembola of North America North of the Rio Grande. Grinnell, IA: Grinnell College, 1980–81
Gisin, H. Collembolenfauna Europas. Geneva: Musée d'Histore Naturelle, 1960
Gough, H. J.A key for the identification of the families of Collembola recorded from the British Isles. Entomol. Mon. Mag., 113 (1977), 193–7Google Scholar
Greenslade, P. and Ireson, J. E.. Collembola of the southern Australian culture steppe and urban environments: a review of their pest status and key to identification. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 25 (1986), 273–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lippert, G. and Butler, H.. Taxonomic study of Collembola of West Virginia. West Virginia Univ., Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., 643T (1976), 46Google Scholar
Maria Mutt, J. A. M.Genera of Collembola (Insecta) in Puerto Rico: keys, diagnosis and general comments. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 60 (1976), 113–28Google Scholar
Maria Mutt, J. A. M. and P. F. Bellinger. Catalog of Neotropical Collembola. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, 1989
Maynard, E. A. A Monograph of the Collembola or Springtail Insects of New York State. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Press, 1951
Mills, H. B. A Monograph of the Collembola of Iowa. Iowa State College, monograph no. 3. Ames, IA: Iowa State College, 1934
Paclt, J.On South and Central African Collembola. J. Entomol. Soc. South Africa, 29 (1967), 135–47Google Scholar
Palcios, J. G.Diagnosis y clave para determinar las familias de los Collembola de la región Neotropical. Man. Guias Est. Microartr. (UNAM, Mexico), 1 (1990), 1–15Google Scholar
Rapport, E. H.The geographical distribution of Neotropical and Antarctic Collembola. Pacific Inst. Monogr., 25 (1971), 99–118Google Scholar
Scott, H. G.Collembola from Pennsylvania. Ent. News, 70 (1959), 81–3Google Scholar
Scott, H. G.Collembola: pictorial keys to the Nearctic genera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 54 (1961), 104–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snider, R. J.An annotated list of the Collembola (springtails) of Michigan. Michigan Entomol., 1 (1967), 179–234Google Scholar
Sterzynska, M. Collembola from urban areas (Warsaw, Poland). In Dallai, R. (ed.) Third International Seminar on Apterygota. Siena: University of Siena, 1989
Uchida, H.Tentative key to the Japanese genera of Collembola, in relation to the world genera of this order. Sci. Rep. Hirosaki Univ., 18 (1971), 64–76Google Scholar
Uchida, H.Tentative key to the Japanese genera of Collembola, in relation to the world genera of this order. Sci. Rep. Hirosaki Univ., 19 (1972), 19–42Google Scholar
Uchida, H.Tentative key to the Japanese genera of Collembola, in relation to the world genera of this order. Sci. Rep. Hirosaki Univ., 19 (1972), 79–114Google Scholar
Ashford, R. W. 1970. Observations on the biology of Hemimerus talpoides (Insecta: Dermaptera). J. Zool. Lond., 162 (1970), 413–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behura, B. K.The biology of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia Linn. Ann. Zool., 1 (1956), 117–42Google Scholar
Bharadwaj, R. K.Observations on the bionomics of Euroborellia annulipes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 59 (1966), 441–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, F. C.Injury to man by earwigs (Dermaptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 63 (1961), 114Google Scholar
Brindle, A.Earwigs attracted to light. Entomol. Rec. J. Var., 83 (1971), 149–52Google Scholar
Buxton, J. H. and Madge, D. S.. Artificial incubation of eggs of the common earwig, Forficula auricularia L. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 110 (1974), 55–7Google Scholar
Caussanel, C.Principales exigences cophysiologiques du forficule de sables, Labidura riparia (Derm. Labiduridae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, 6 (1970), 589–612Google Scholar
Chopard, L. La Biologie des Orthoptères. Paris: Lechevalier, 1938
Davies, R. G.The postembryonic development of Hemimerus vicinus Rehn and Rhen (Dermaptera: Hemimeridae). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (A), 41 (1966), 67–77Google Scholar
Eisner, T.Defense mechanisms of arthropods. II. The chemical and mechanical weapons of an earwig. Psyche, 67 (1960), 62–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essig, E. O.A small insect that stings severely. Science, 75 (1942), 242–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, K. A. and V. Longépé. The European earwig: getting the best of both worlds? In Wildey, K. B. (ed.) The 2nd International Conference on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment, pp. 163–7. Edinburgh, Scotland: Heriot-Watt University, 1996
Fulton, B. B.Some habits of earwigs. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 17 (1924), 357–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, H. R Jr. and Spink, W. T.. Flight habits of the striped earwig, Labidura riparia. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 64 (1971), 746–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillet, S., Josselin, N., and Vancassel, M.. Multiple introductions of the Forficula auricularia species complex (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in eastern North America. Can. Entomol., 132 (2000), 49–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klostermeyer, E. C.The life history and habits of the ring-legged earwig, Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) (order Dermaptera). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 15 (1942), 13–18Google Scholar
Knabke, J. J. and Grigarick, A. A.. Biology of the African earwig, Euborellia cincticollis (Gerstaecker) in California and comparative notes on Euborellia annulipes (Lucas). Hilgardia, 41 (1971), 157–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, R. J.Effects of dispersion, travel, and environmental heterogeneity on populations of the earwig, Forficula auricularia L. Can. J. Zool., 53 (1975), 1855–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, R. J.Parental behavior in the Dermaptera with special reference to Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Can. Entomol., 108 (1976), 609–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, R. J. and Wellington, W. G.. Life history and population characteristics of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), at Vancouver, B. C. Can. Entomol., 107 (1975), 819–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, W. P.Notes on the functions of the forceps of earwigs. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 33 (1923), 303–6Google Scholar
Morgan, W. P.Further observations on the function of the earwig forceps. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 34 (1924), 347–8Google Scholar
Nutting, W. L.Notes on the occurrence of four adventive earwigs in Arizona. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 36 (1960), 202–4Google Scholar
Popham, E. G.The anatomy in relation to feeding habits of Forficula auricularia L. and other Dermaptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 133 (1959), 251–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saupanor, B.Une phéromone d'agregation chez Forficula auricularia. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 62 (1992), 285–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlinger, E. I., Bosch, R., and Dietrick, E. J.. Biological notes on the predaceous earwig Labidura riparia (Pallas), a recent immigrant to California (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). J. Econ. Entomol., 52 (1959), 247–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, M., Waddill, V., and Kloft, W.. Biology of the predacious earwig, Labidura riparia (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 66 (1973), 837–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindle, A.A revision of the subfamily Labidurinae (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 9 (1966), 239–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Dermaptera of the Caribbean. Stud. Fauna Curacao Caribb. Islands, 1971
Harz, K. and A. Kaltenbach. The Orthoptera of Europe, vol. III. The Hague: W. Junk, 1976
Hebard, M.The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Illinois. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., 20 (1934), 125–279Google Scholar
Hebard, M.The Dermaptera and orthopterous families Blattidae, Mantidae, and Phasmidae of Texas. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 68 (1942), 239–319Google Scholar
Hincks, W. D.Dermaptera. The earwigs of South Africa. South Afr. Animal Life, 4 (1957), 33–94Google Scholar
Hoffman, K. M.Earwigs (Dermaptera) of South Carolina, with a key to the eastern North America species and a checklist of North American fauna. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 89 (1987), 1–14Google Scholar
Langston, R. L. and Powell, J. A.. The earwigs of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv., 20 (1975), 1–25Google Scholar
Lucas, W. J.Notes on British Orthoptera (including Dermaptera) in 1924. Entomologist, 58 (1925), 81–6Google Scholar
Marshall, J. A. and E. C. M. Haes. Grasshoppers and Allied Insects of Great Britain and Ireland. Essex: Harley Books, 1988
Reichardt, H.Catalogue of New World Dermaptera (Insecta). Part I: introduction and Pygidicranoidea. Papeis Avulsos Zool. S. Paulo, 21 (1968), 183–93; Part II: Labioidea, Carciniphoridae. Papeis Avulsos Zool. S. Paulo, 22 (1970), 35–46; Part III: Labioidea, Labiidae. Papeis Avulsos Zool. S. Paulo, 23 (1971), 83–109Google Scholar
Saki, S. Dermapterorum Catalogus Preliminaris. Parts I–VIII. Tokyo: Daito Bunka University, 1970–73
Steinmann, H.Dermaptera: Catadermaptera I. Tierreich, 102 (1986), 1–345Google Scholar
World Catalog of Dermaptera. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1989
Vickery, V. R. and McE. Kevan, D. K.. The grasshoppers, crickets, and related insects of Canada and adjacent regions. Ulonata: Dermaptera, Cheleutoptera, Notoptera, Dictuoptera, Grylloptera, and Orthoptera. Insects Arachnida Can., 14 (1986), 1–918Google Scholar
Salmon, J. T.An index to the Collembola. Bull. R. Soc. N. Z. 1 (1964), 1–144 (1964); 2 (1964), 145–644; 3 (1965), 645–651Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. H. and Davies, T. W.. Entomobrya kanaba (Wray) (Collembola: Entomobryidae): an indoor household pest in central California. Pan-Pacific Entomol., 56 (1980), 155–6Google Scholar
Bellinger, P. F.A new family of Collembola (Arthropoda, Tracheata). Carib. J. Sci., 21 (1985), 117–23Google Scholar
Betsch, J.-M.Elements pour une monographie des Collemboles Symphypleones (Hexapodes, Apterygotes). Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., Serie A, 116 (1980), 1–227Google Scholar
Bowden, J., Haines, I. H., and Mercer, D.. Climbing Collembola. Pedobiologia, 16 (1976), 298–312Google Scholar
Brackenberry, J. and Hunt, H.. Jumping in springtails: mechanism and dynamics. J. Zool., 229 (1993), 217–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brummer-Korvenkontio, M. and Brummer-Korvenkontio, L.. Springtails (Collembola) on and in snow. Mem. Soc. Pr. Fauna Flora Fennica, 56 (1980), 91–4Google Scholar
Butcher, J. W., Snider, R., and Snider, R. J.. Bioecology of edaphic Collembola and Acarina. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 16 (1971), 249–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, K.Bionomics of Collembola. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 9 (1964), 147–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folsom, J. W.The economic importance of Collembola. J. Econ. Entomol., 26 (1933), 934–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkin, S. E. Biology of the Springtails (Insecta: Collembola). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997
Lawrence, P. N.Collembola (springtails) of sewage filters. Waste Water Treat., 13 (1970), 106–109Google Scholar
Maria Mutt, J. A. M.Swarming of Entomobrya urostrigata (Insecta: Collembola) in South Holland, Cook County, Illinois. Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci., 71 (1978), 236–7Google Scholar
Pichard, S.Contribution à l'étude de la biologie de Podura aquatica (Linné) Collembole. Bull. Biol., 108 (1973), 191–9Google Scholar
Richards, W. R.Genetic classification, evolution and biogeography of the Sminthuridae of the World (Collembola). Mem. Ent. Soc. Can., 53 (1968), 1–54Google Scholar
Scott, D. B.The economic biology of Collembola. J. Econ. Entomol., 46 (1953), 1048–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, H. G., Wiseman, J. S., and Stojanovich, C. J.. Collembola infesting man. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 55 (1962), 428–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, K. and P. Bellinger. The Collembola of North America North of the Rio Grande. Grinnell, IA: Grinnell College, 1980–81
Gisin, H. Collembolenfauna Europas. Geneva: Musée d'Histore Naturelle, 1960
Gough, H. J.A key for the identification of the families of Collembola recorded from the British Isles. Entomol. Mon. Mag., 113 (1977), 193–7Google Scholar
Greenslade, P. and Ireson, J. E.. Collembola of the southern Australian culture steppe and urban environments: a review of their pest status and key to identification. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 25 (1986), 273–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lippert, G. and Butler, H.. Taxonomic study of Collembola of West Virginia. West Virginia Univ., Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., 643T (1976), 46Google Scholar
Maria Mutt, J. A. M.Genera of Collembola (Insecta) in Puerto Rico: keys, diagnosis and general comments. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 60 (1976), 113–28Google Scholar
Maria Mutt, J. A. M. and P. F. Bellinger. Catalog of Neotropical Collembola. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, 1989
Maynard, E. A. A Monograph of the Collembola or Springtail Insects of New York State. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Press, 1951
Mills, H. B. A Monograph of the Collembola of Iowa. Iowa State College, monograph no. 3. Ames, IA: Iowa State College, 1934
Paclt, J.On South and Central African Collembola. J. Entomol. Soc. South Africa, 29 (1967), 135–47Google Scholar
Palcios, J. G.Diagnosis y clave para determinar las familias de los Collembola de la región Neotropical. Man. Guias Est. Microartr. (UNAM, Mexico), 1 (1990), 1–15Google Scholar
Rapport, E. H.The geographical distribution of Neotropical and Antarctic Collembola. Pacific Inst. Monogr., 25 (1971), 99–118Google Scholar
Scott, H. G.Collembola from Pennsylvania. Ent. News, 70 (1959), 81–3Google Scholar
Scott, H. G.Collembola: pictorial keys to the Nearctic genera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 54 (1961), 104–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snider, R. J.An annotated list of the Collembola (springtails) of Michigan. Michigan Entomol., 1 (1967), 179–234Google Scholar
Sterzynska, M. Collembola from urban areas (Warsaw, Poland). In Dallai, R. (ed.) Third International Seminar on Apterygota. Siena: University of Siena, 1989
Uchida, H.Tentative key to the Japanese genera of Collembola, in relation to the world genera of this order. Sci. Rep. Hirosaki Univ., 18 (1971), 64–76Google Scholar
Uchida, H.Tentative key to the Japanese genera of Collembola, in relation to the world genera of this order. Sci. Rep. Hirosaki Univ., 19 (1972), 19–42Google Scholar
Uchida, H.Tentative key to the Japanese genera of Collembola, in relation to the world genera of this order. Sci. Rep. Hirosaki Univ., 19 (1972), 79–114Google Scholar
Ashford, R. W. 1970. Observations on the biology of Hemimerus talpoides (Insecta: Dermaptera). J. Zool. Lond., 162 (1970), 413–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behura, B. K.The biology of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia Linn. Ann. Zool., 1 (1956), 117–42Google Scholar
Bharadwaj, R. K.Observations on the bionomics of Euroborellia annulipes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 59 (1966), 441–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, F. C.Injury to man by earwigs (Dermaptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 63 (1961), 114Google Scholar
Brindle, A.Earwigs attracted to light. Entomol. Rec. J. Var., 83 (1971), 149–52Google Scholar
Buxton, J. H. and Madge, D. S.. Artificial incubation of eggs of the common earwig, Forficula auricularia L. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 110 (1974), 55–7Google Scholar
Caussanel, C.Principales exigences cophysiologiques du forficule de sables, Labidura riparia (Derm. Labiduridae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, 6 (1970), 589–612Google Scholar
Chopard, L. La Biologie des Orthoptères. Paris: Lechevalier, 1938
Davies, R. G.The postembryonic development of Hemimerus vicinus Rehn and Rhen (Dermaptera: Hemimeridae). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (A), 41 (1966), 67–77Google Scholar
Eisner, T.Defense mechanisms of arthropods. II. The chemical and mechanical weapons of an earwig. Psyche, 67 (1960), 62–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essig, E. O.A small insect that stings severely. Science, 75 (1942), 242–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, K. A. and V. Longépé. The European earwig: getting the best of both worlds? In Wildey, K. B. (ed.) The 2nd International Conference on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment, pp. 163–7. Edinburgh, Scotland: Heriot-Watt University, 1996
Fulton, B. B.Some habits of earwigs. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 17 (1924), 357–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, H. R Jr. and Spink, W. T.. Flight habits of the striped earwig, Labidura riparia. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 64 (1971), 746–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillet, S., Josselin, N., and Vancassel, M.. Multiple introductions of the Forficula auricularia species complex (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in eastern North America. Can. Entomol., 132 (2000), 49–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klostermeyer, E. C.The life history and habits of the ring-legged earwig, Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) (order Dermaptera). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 15 (1942), 13–18Google Scholar
Knabke, J. J. and Grigarick, A. A.. Biology of the African earwig, Euborellia cincticollis (Gerstaecker) in California and comparative notes on Euborellia annulipes (Lucas). Hilgardia, 41 (1971), 157–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, R. J.Effects of dispersion, travel, and environmental heterogeneity on populations of the earwig, Forficula auricularia L. Can. J. Zool., 53 (1975), 1855–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, R. J.Parental behavior in the Dermaptera with special reference to Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Can. Entomol., 108 (1976), 609–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, R. J. and Wellington, W. G.. Life history and population characteristics of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), at Vancouver, B. C. Can. Entomol., 107 (1975), 819–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, W. P.Notes on the functions of the forceps of earwigs. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 33 (1923), 303–6Google Scholar
Morgan, W. P.Further observations on the function of the earwig forceps. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 34 (1924), 347–8Google Scholar
Nutting, W. L.Notes on the occurrence of four adventive earwigs in Arizona. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 36 (1960), 202–4Google Scholar
Popham, E. G.The anatomy in relation to feeding habits of Forficula auricularia L. and other Dermaptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 133 (1959), 251–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saupanor, B.Une phéromone d'agregation chez Forficula auricularia. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 62 (1992), 285–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlinger, E. I., Bosch, R., and Dietrick, E. J.. Biological notes on the predaceous earwig Labidura riparia (Pallas), a recent immigrant to California (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). J. Econ. Entomol., 52 (1959), 247–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, M., Waddill, V., and Kloft, W.. Biology of the predacious earwig, Labidura riparia (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 66 (1973), 837–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindle, A.A revision of the subfamily Labidurinae (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 9 (1966), 239–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Dermaptera of the Caribbean. Stud. Fauna Curacao Caribb. Islands, 1971
Harz, K. and A. Kaltenbach. The Orthoptera of Europe, vol. III. The Hague: W. Junk, 1976
Hebard, M.The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Illinois. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., 20 (1934), 125–279Google Scholar
Hebard, M.The Dermaptera and orthopterous families Blattidae, Mantidae, and Phasmidae of Texas. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 68 (1942), 239–319Google Scholar
Hincks, W. D.Dermaptera. The earwigs of South Africa. South Afr. Animal Life, 4 (1957), 33–94Google Scholar
Hoffman, K. M.Earwigs (Dermaptera) of South Carolina, with a key to the eastern North America species and a checklist of North American fauna. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 89 (1987), 1–14Google Scholar
Langston, R. L. and Powell, J. A.. The earwigs of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv., 20 (1975), 1–25Google Scholar
Lucas, W. J.Notes on British Orthoptera (including Dermaptera) in 1924. Entomologist, 58 (1925), 81–6Google Scholar
Marshall, J. A. and E. C. M. Haes. Grasshoppers and Allied Insects of Great Britain and Ireland. Essex: Harley Books, 1988
Reichardt, H.Catalogue of New World Dermaptera (Insecta). Part I: introduction and Pygidicranoidea. Papeis Avulsos Zool. S. Paulo, 21 (1968), 183–93; Part II: Labioidea, Carciniphoridae. Papeis Avulsos Zool. S. Paulo, 22 (1970), 35–46; Part III: Labioidea, Labiidae. Papeis Avulsos Zool. S. Paulo, 23 (1971), 83–109Google Scholar
Saki, S. Dermapterorum Catalogus Preliminaris. Parts I–VIII. Tokyo: Daito Bunka University, 1970–73
Steinmann, H.Dermaptera: Catadermaptera I. Tierreich, 102 (1986), 1–345Google Scholar
World Catalog of Dermaptera. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1989
Vickery, V. R. and McE. Kevan, D. K.. The grasshoppers, crickets, and related insects of Canada and adjacent regions. Ulonata: Dermaptera, Cheleutoptera, Notoptera, Dictuoptera, Grylloptera, and Orthoptera. Insects Arachnida Can., 14 (1986), 1–918Google Scholar

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