Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-zzw9c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-16T02:11:03.175Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Hymenoptera

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2009

William H. Robinson
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Hymenoptera is a large order; the members occupy a large number of habitats. Ants, wasps, and bees have habits that range from solitary to species with complex social systems living in large colonies, and from plant-feeders to predators and parasites. Adults range from 0.2-mm-long parasites of insect eggs to 50-mm-long parasitic and predatory wasps. Antennae are long in social and parasitic species, with 13 segments in the male and 12 segments in the female, but may be as few as three segments. The mouthparts are mandibulate, but in many species there is also a tongue for lapping nectar from flowers. There are usually two pairs of wings, but many are wingless in one or both sexes or certain castes. They have complete metamorphosis, with egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. The most advanced types of behavior and social structure are found in this order. The success of ants and the others that have evolved social behavior is based on nest building, colony housing, and a caste system. Some species control the sex of offspring by permitting or withholding fertilization; males are usually produced from unfertilized eggs, and females from fertilized eggs. Regulating the sex and size of individuals in large colonies is linked to a caste system and temporal and spatial partitioning of labor. For many species there are morphological adaptations and complex reproductive behaviors associated with socialization.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Urban Insects and Arachnids
A Handbook of Urban Entomology
 , pp. 224 - 290
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Akre, R. D. and Davis, H. G.. Biology and pest-status of venomous wasps. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 23 (1978), 19–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnard, J. H.Studies of 400 Hymenoptera deaths in the United States. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 52 (1973), 259–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, S. E.Allergy to Hymenoptera stings. Review of the world literature: 1953–1970. Ann. Allergy, 29 (1971), 49–66Google ScholarPubMed
Breed, M. D., C. D. Michener, and H. E. Evans (eds). The Biology of Social Insects. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982
Edwards, R. Social Wasps. Their Biology and Control. East Grinstead, UK: Rentokil, 1980
Evans, H. E.Predatory wasps. Sci. Am., 208 (1963), 145–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, H. E.The behavior patterns of solitary wasps. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 11 (1966), 123–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, H. E.The Bethylidae of America north of Mexico. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst., 27 (1978), 1–332Google Scholar
Fowler, H. G.Human effects on nest survivorship of urban synanthropic wasps. Urban Ecol., 7 (1983), 137–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, H. G.Social insects as urban pests: an analysis of seasonality and human perception. Mater. Organ., 18 (1983), 93–105Google Scholar
Goulet, H. and J. Huber. Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. Agric. Can. Res. Branch publication 1894/E Ottawa, Canada: Agriculture of Canada Research Branch, 1993
Hanson, P. E. and I. D. Gaud. The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995
Huddleston, T. and Gauld, I. D.. Parasitic wasps (Ichneumonoidea) in British light-traps. Entomologist, 107 (1988), 134–54Google Scholar
Jaisson, P. (ed.) Social Insects in the Tropics. vols. 1 and 2. Paris: Université de Paris-Nord, 1983
LeBeck, L. M.A review of the hymenopterous natural enemies of cockroaches with emphasis on biological control. Entomophaga, 36 (1991), 335–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michener, C. D.The Brazilian bee problem. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 30 (1975), 399–416CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naumann, I. D. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies), In Naumann, I. D., (ed.) The Insects of Australia, vol. II, pp. 916–1000. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1991
Payne, J. A. and Mason, W. R. M.. Hymenoptera associated with pig carrion. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 73 (1971), 132–41Google Scholar
Richards, O. W. and Richards, M. J.. Observations on the social wasps of South America (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 102 (1951), 1–170Google Scholar
Spradbery, J. P. Wasps. London: Sedgwick and Jackson, 1973
Vinson, S. B. (ed.) Economic Impact and Control of Social Insects. New York: Praeger Special Studies, 1986
Wille, A.Biology of the stingless bees. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 28 (1983), 41–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, E. O. Jr. The Insect Societies. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1971
Spradberry, J. P. Wasps: An Account of the Biology and Natural History of Social and Solitary Wasps. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1973
Anzenberger, G.Ethological study of African carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Z. Tierpsychol., 44 (1977), 337–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balduf, W. V.Life of the carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica (Linn.) (Xylocopidae, Hymenoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 55 (1962), 263–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrows, E. M.Results of a survey of damage caused by the carpenter bee Xylocopa virginica (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 82 (1980), 44–7Google Scholar
Ben Mordechai, Y., Cohen, R., Gerling, D., and Muscovitz, E.. The biology of Xylocopa pubescens (Spinola) (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) in Israel. J. Entomol., 12 (1978), 107–21Google Scholar
Camillio, E. and Garofalo, C. A.. On the bionomics of Xylocopa frontalis (Oliver) and Xylocopa grisescens (Lepeletier) in southern Brazil. I. Nest construction and biological cycle. Rev. Bras. Biol., 42 (1982), 571–82Google Scholar
Camillio, E., Garofalo, C. A., and Muccillo, G.. On the bionomics of Xylocopa suspecta (Moure) in southern Brazil: nest construction and biological cycle (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Rev. Bras. Biol., 46 (1986), 383–95Google Scholar
Gerling, D. and Hermann, H. R.. Biology and mating behavior of Xylocopa virginica L. (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 3 (1978), 99–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, P. D. Jr.Observations on the nesting habits of some New World carpenter bees with remarks on their importance in the problem of species formation (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 51 (1958), 365–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, P. D. Jr. An Annotated Catalog of the Carpenter Bees (Genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute, 1978
Kojima, J.-I.Observations on nest structure of the Japanese large carpenter bee, Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). New Entomol., 28 (1979), 33–8Google Scholar
Malyshev, S. J.The life and instincts of the dwarf carpenter bee, Xylocopa iris Christ. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Ser. Biol., 1 (1947), 53–77Google Scholar
Sage, R. D.Observations on feeding, nesting, and territorial behavior of carpenter bees, genus Xylocopa in Costa Rica. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 61 (1968), 884–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, H.Carpenter bees eating lead cable-covers. Entomol. Lond., 68 (1932), 8Google Scholar
Steen, Z. and Schwarz, M. P.. Nesting and life cycle of the Australian green carpenter bees Xylocopa (Lestis) aeratus Smith and Xylocopa (Lestis) bombylans (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae). Aust. J. Entomol., 39 (2000), 291–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watmough, R. H.Biology and behavior of carpenter bees in southern Africa. J. Entomol. Soc. South Afr., 37 (1974), 261–81Google Scholar
Alford, D. V. Bumblebees. London: Davis-Poynter, 1975
Ayala, R., T. L. Griswold, and S. H. Bullock. The native bees of Mexico. In Ramamoorthy, T. P., R. Bye, A. Lot, and J. Fa (eds.) Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution, pp. 179–227. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993
Cumber, R. A.The biology of bumble bees with special reference to production of worker caste. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 100 (1949), 1–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eickwort, G. C. and Ginsberg, H. S.. Foraging and mating behavior in Apoidea. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 25 (1980), 421–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Free, J. B. and C. G. Butler. Bumblebees. London: Collins, 1959
Heinrich, B. Bumblebee Economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979
Laidlaw, W. B. R.Notes on some bumble bees and wasps in Scotland. Scott. Nat., 185 (1930), 135–6Google Scholar
Sakagami, S. F. and Zucchi, R.. Winterverhalten einer neotropischen Hummel, Bombus atratus, innerhalb des Beobachtungskastens. Ein Beitrag zur Biologie der Hummeln. J. Faculty Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. VI, Zool., 15 (1965), 712–62Google Scholar
Cameron, E.On the parasites and predators of the cockroach. I. Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratz.). Bull. Entomol. Res., 46 (1955), 137–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, E.On the parasites and predators of the cockroach. II. Evania appendigaster (L.). Bull. Entomol. Res., 48 (1957), 199–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cros, A.Blatta orientalis et ses parasites. I. Evania punctata Brulle. II. Eulopus sp. etude biologique. Eos, Madrid, 18 (1942), 45–67Google Scholar
Edmunds, L. R.Some notes on the habits and parasites of native wood-roaches in Ohio (Orthoptera: Blattidae). Entomol. News, 63 (1952), 141–5Google Scholar
Edmunds, L. R.A study on the biology and life history of Prosevania punctata (Brulle) with notes on additional species (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 47 (1954), 575–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordh, G.Biological investigations on Comperia merceti (Compere), an encyrtid parasite of the cockroach Supella longipalpa (Serville). J. Entomol. A, 47 (1973), 115–23Google Scholar
Roth, L. M. and Willis, E. R.. Anastatus floridanus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) a new parasite on the eggs of the cockroach Eurycotis floridana. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 80 (1954), 29–41Google Scholar
Thoms, E. M. and Robinson, W. H.. Distribution, seasonal abundance, and pest status of the oriental cockroach (Orthoptera: Blattidae) and an evaniid wasp (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) in urban apartments. J. Econ. Entomol., 79 (1986), 431–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vargas, M . and Fallas, F.. Notes on the biology of Tetrastichus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) a parasite of cockroach oothecae. Entomol. News, 85 (1974), 23–6Google ScholarPubMed
Bhatkar, A. P. and Whitcomb, W. H.. Artificial diet for rearing various species of ants. Fla. Entomol., 53 (1970), 229–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, B.Apterous females and shift of dispersal strategy in the Monomorium salomonis-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Nat. Hist., 20 (1986), 267–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruder, K. W. and Gupta, A. P.. Biology of the pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 65 (1972), 358–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. and H. Beatson. Ants: Formicidae, Hymenoptera. In Gorham, J. R. (ed.) Ecology and Management of Food-Industry Pests, pp. 207–15. FDA Technical Bulletin 4. Arlington, VA: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1991
Delabie, J. H. C., Nacimento, I. C., Pacheco, P., and Casimiro, A. B.. Community structure of house-infesting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Bahia, Brazil. Fla. Entomol., 78 (1995), 265–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, H. G.Spatial organization of foraging activity and colonization by colony emigration of the Pharaoh's ant, Monomorium phararonis. Zool. J. Physiol., 97 (1993), 233–8Google Scholar
Gauld, I. D. and B. Bolton. The Hymenoptera. Oxford: Oxford University Press and British Museum (Natural History)
Gotwald, W. H. Jr. Army ants. In Hermann, H. R. (ed.) Social Insects 4, pp. 157–254. New York: Academic Press, 1982
Hantgartner, W.Trail laying in the subterranean ant, Acanthomyops interjectus. J. Insect Physiol., 15 (1969), 1–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hölldobler, B.Temperaturunabhängige rhythmische Erscheinungen bei Rossameisenkolonien (Camponotus ligniperda Latr. und Camponotus herculeanus L.) (Hym., Formicidae). Z. Angew. Entomol., 49 (1961), 337–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hölldobler, B. and E. O. Wilson. The Ants. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990
Human, K. G., Weiss, S., Weiss, A., Sandler, B., and Gordon, D. M.. Effects of abiotic factors on the distribution and activity of the invasive Argentine ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environ. Entomol., 27 (1998), 822–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, R. L. and Sallee, R. M.. On the duration of nests of Formica obscuripes Forel. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 60 (1953), 656–9Google Scholar
Klotz, J. H., Mangold, J. R., Vail, K. M., Davis, L. R., and Patterson, R. S.. A survey of the urban pest ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Peninsular Florida. Fla. Entomol., 78 (1995), 109–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutter, H. Hymenoptera: Formicidae. In Sauter, W. (ed.) Insecta Helvetica: Fauna, vol. 6a. Zurich: Erganzungsband Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft
Parry, K. and Morgan, E. D.. Pheromones of ants: a review. Physiol. Entomol., 4 (1979), 161–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, C. J.The biology of carpenter ants in New Brunswick. Can. Entomol., 96 (1964), 894–909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneirla, T. C. Army Ants. A Study in Social Organization. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman, 1971
Silva, E. J. and Loeck, A. E.. Ocrrancia de formigas domicilares (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em Pelotas, RS. Rev. Bas. Agroc., 5 (1999), 220–4Google Scholar
Sudd, J. H. and N. R. Franks. The Behavioural Ecology of Ants. Glasgow: Blackie, 1987
Talbot, M.Local distribution and flight activities of four species of ants of the genus Acanthomyops Mayr. Ecology, 44 (1963), 549–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traniello, J. F. A.Foraging strategies of ants. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 34 (1989), 191–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Meer, R. K., K. Jaffe, and A. Cedeno. Applied Myrmecology, A World Perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990
Way, M. J., Cammell, M. E., Paiva, M. R., and Collingwood, C. A.. Distribution and dynamics of the Argentine ant Linepithema (Iridomyrmex) humile (Mayr) in relation to vegetation, soil conditions, topography and native competitor ants in Portugal. Insectes Soc., 44 (1997), 415–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agosti, D. and Collingwood, C. A.. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym., Formicidae) with a key to the worker caste, II. Key to the worker caste, including the European species without the Iberian. Mittel. Schweiz. Entomol. Gesell., 60 (1987), 261–93Google Scholar
Alayo, P. D. Introducción al Estudio de los Himenópteros de Cuba. Superfamilia Formicoidea. Serie Biológica (Havana) no. 53. Havana: Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Instituto de Zoologia, 1974
Arnold, G.A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Ann. South Afr. Mus., 14 (1915–26), 1–766; 23, 191–295Google Scholar
Baroni Urbani, C.Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia. 1. Redia, 47 (1962), 129–38Google Scholar
Baroni Urbani, C. and Collingworth, C. A.. The zoogeography of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in northern Europe. Acta Zool. fenn., 152 (1977), 1–34Google Scholar
Barrett, K. E. J. Provisional distribution maps of ants in the British Isles. In Brian, M. V. (eds) Ants, pp. 203–16. London: Collins, 1977
Berndt, K. P. and Eichler, W.. Die Pharaoameise, Monomorium pharaonis (L.) (Hym., Myrmicidae). Mittel. Aus. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 63 (1987), 1–188Google Scholar
Bolton, B.The ant genera of West Africa: a synoptic synopsis with keys. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) (Entomol.), 27 (1973), 319–68Google Scholar
Bolton, B.A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol., 54 (1987), 263–452Google Scholar
Bolton, B. and C. A. Collingwood. Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects., vol. 4, part 3 (c). London: Dramrite Printers, 1975
Borgmeier, T.Die Wanderameisen der Neotropischen Region. Studia Entomol., 3 (1955), 1–720Google Scholar
Bourne, R. A.De Mierenfauna van Belgie (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Zool. Pathol. Antv., 67 (1977), 1–191Google Scholar
Brown, W. L.A review of the ants of New Zealand. Acta Hymenopt., 1 (1958), 1–50Google Scholar
Buren, W. F.A review of the species of Crematogaster, sensu stricto, in North America. 2. Descriptions of new species. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc., 3 (1968), 91–121Google Scholar
Chapman, J. W. and Capco, S. R.. Check list of the ants of Asia. Monogra. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila, 1 (1951)Google Scholar
Clark, J. The Formicidae of Australia, vol. 1: Subfamily Mymeciinae. Melbourne: CSIRO, 1951
Collingwood, C. A.The identification and distribution of British ants (Hym., Formicidae), 1. A revised key to the species found in Britain. Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol., 16 (1964), 93–114Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A.A synopsis of the Formicidae of North Europe. Entomologist, 104 (1971), 150–76Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A.The Formicidae of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomol. Scand., 8 (1979), 1–174Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A.Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia, 7 (1985), 230–302Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A. and Barrett, K. E. J.. The identification and distribution of British ants (Hym., Formicidae), 2. The vice-county distribution of indigenous ants of the British Isles. Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol., 16 (1964), 114–21Google Scholar
Creighton, W. S.The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 104 (1950), 1–585Google Scholar
Dlussky, G. M. Ants of the genus Formica (in Russian). Moscow: Izdatelstvo Nauka, 1967
DuBois, M. B.A revision of the native New World species of the ant genus Monomorium (minimum group). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 53 (1986), 65–119Google Scholar
Dumpert, K. The Social Biology of Ants, trans. C. Johnson. London: Pitman, 1978
Durr, H. J. R.The Argentine ant Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr). I. Its distribution, harmfulness and life cycle. Farm. S. Afr., 27 (1952), 381–90Google Scholar
Francoeur, A.Synopsis taxonomique et économique des fourmis du Québec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Québec, 22 (1977), 205–12Google Scholar
Francoeur, A.Les fourmis du Québec. 1. Introduction. 2. La famille des Formicidae. 3. La sous-famille des ponerinae. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Québec, 24 (1979), 48–64Google Scholar
Greenslade, P. J. M. A Guide to the Ants of South Australia. Adelaide: South Australian Museum, 1979
Gregg, R. E.Key to the species of Pheidole in the United States. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc., 66 (1958), 7–48Google Scholar
Gregg, R. E. The Ants of Colorado. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Press, 1963
Holgersen, H.The ants of Norway. Nyt. Mag. Naturv., 84 (1944), 163–202Google Scholar
Johnson, C.Species identification in the eastern Crematogaster. J. Entomol. Sci., 23 (1988), 314–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, W. M.The ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., 63 (1919), 273–391Google Scholar
Mann, W. M.The ants of the Fiji Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., 64 (1921), 401–99Google Scholar
Morisita, M., M. Kubota, K. Onoyama et al., Guide for the Identification of Japanese Ants. 1. Ponerinae, Cerapachyinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, Dorylinae and Leptanillinae (in Japanese). Tokyo: Myrmecological Society of Japan, 1989
Morisita, M., M. Kubota, K. Onoyama et al. A Guide for the Identification of Japanese Ants. 2. Dolichoderine and Formicinae (in Japanese). Tokyo: Myrmecological Society of Japan, 1991
Morisita, M., M. Kubota, K. Onoyama et al. A Guide for the Identification of Japanese Ants. 3. Myrmicinae and Supplement to Leptanillinae (in Japanese). Tokyo: Myrmecological Society of Japan, 1992
Nogueira, S. B. and M. R. Martinho. Leaf-cutting ants (Atta sp.), damage to and distribution along Brazilian roads. In Jaisson, P. (ed.) Social Insects in the Tropics, 2, pp. 181–6. Paris: Universit de Paris-Nord, 1983
Onoyama, K.An introduction to the ant fauna of Japan, with a check list. Kontyú, 48 (1980), 193–212Google Scholar
Smith, M. R.House-infesting ants of the Eastern United States. US Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull., 1326 (1965), 105Google Scholar
Snelling, R. R. and Hunt, J. H.. The ants of Chile. Rev. Chilena Entomol., 9 (1975), 63–129Google Scholar
Trager, J. C.A revision of the genus Paratrechina of the continental United States. Sociobiology, 9 (1984), 49–162Google Scholar
Wheeler, W. M.The ants of the Belgian Congo. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 45 (1922), 1–1139Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. and Taylor, R. W.. The ants of Polynesia. Pac. Insects Monogr., 14 (1967), 1–109Google Scholar
Wing, W. M.Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops. Cornell Univ. Agricult. Exp. Sta. Mem., 405 (1968), 1–173Google Scholar
Wu, J.Taxonomic studies on the genus Formica of China. Forest Res., 3 (1990), 1–8Google Scholar
Yano, M.On the ants of Japan. Zool. Mag. (Tokyo), 22 (1910), 416–25Google Scholar
Arnold, G.A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa, part 6. (Camponotinae). Ann. South Afr. Mus., 14 (1924), 675–766Google Scholar
Barlin, M. R., Blum, M. S., and Brand, J. M.. Species-specificity studies on the trail pheromone of the carpenter ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc., 11 (1976), 162–4Google Scholar
Eidmann, H.Zur Kenntnis der Biologie der Rossameise (Camponotus herculeanus [L]). Z. Angew. Entomol., 14 (1929), 229–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, S.The response to vibrations of the substrate and reactions to the specific drumming in colonies of carpenter ants (Camponotus, Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Behav. Ecol. Sociol., 1 (1976), 155–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kusnezov, N.El genero Camponotus en la Argentina. Acta Zool., Lillona, 12 (1951), 2–88Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, M. and Linsenmair, K. E.. Contributions to the life history of the Malaysian giant ant Camponotus gigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Soc., 47 (2000), 123–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pricer, J. L.The life history of the carpenter ant. Biol. Bull., 14 (1908), 177–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snelling, R. R. Taxonomic notes on Nearctic species of Camponotus, Subgenus Myrmentoma. In Trager, J. C. (ed.) Advances in Myrmecology. New York, 1988
Smith, F.The nutritional requirements of Camponotus ants. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 38 (1944), 401–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traniello, J. F. A.Recruitment behavior, orientation, and the organization of foraging in the carpenter ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 2 (1977), 61–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, M., Xiao, G. and Wu, J.. Taxonomic studies on the genus Camponotus in China. Forest Res., 2 (1989), 221–8Google Scholar
Wang, M., Xiao, G. and Wu, J.Taxonomic studies on the genus Camponotus in China (conclusion). Forest Res., 2 (1989), 321–8Google Scholar
Yasumatsu, K. and Brown, W. L. Jr.Revisional notes on Camponotus herculeanus Linné and close relatives in the Palearctic regions. J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ., 10 (1951), 29–44Google Scholar
Yasumatsu, K. and Brown, W. L. Jr.A second look at the ants of the Camponotus herculeanus group in eastern Asia. J. Fac. Agri., Kyushu Univ., 11 (1957), 45–51Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A.The Lasius (Chthonolasius) umbratus (Hym., Formicidae) complex in North Europe. Entomologist, 96 (1963), 145–58Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A.Himalayan ants of the genus Lasius. System. Entomol., 7 (1982), 283–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seifert, B.A taxonomic revision of the Palearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. Abhand. Berichte Naturkunde-mus. Gorlitz, 66 (1992), 1–67Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O.A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 113 (1955), 1–201Google Scholar
Yamauchi, K.Taxonomic and ecological studies on the ant genus Lasius in Japan. 1. Taxonomy. Sci. Rep. Fac. Educ. Gifu Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 6 (1979), 147–81Google Scholar
Bruce, W. A., Cline, L. D., and LeCato, G. L.. Imported fire ant infestation of buildings. Fla Entomol., 61 (1978), 230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creighton, W. S.The New World species of the genus Solenopsis. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 66 (1930), 39–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemmer, D. I. and Serfling, R. E.. The imported fire ant: dimensions of the urban problem. South Med. J., 68 (1975), 1133–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, D. J. C., Blum, M. S., Whitt, T. V., and Temple, N.. Monogyny and polygyny in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 73 (1980), 658–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lofgren, C. S., Banks, W. A., and Glancy, B. M.. Biology and control of imported fire ants. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 20 (1975), 1–30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markin, G. P., Diller, J. H., Hill, S. O., Blum, M. S., and Hermann, H. R.. Nuptial flight and flight ranges of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. G. Entomol. Soc., 6 (1971), 145–56Google Scholar
Markin, G. P., Collins, H. L., and Diller, J. H.. Colony founding by queens of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 65 (1972), 1053–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markin, G. P., O'Neal, J., Diller, J. H., and Collins, H. L.. Regional variation in the seasonal activity of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri. Environ. Entomol., 3 (1974), 446–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trager, J. C.A revision of the fire ants, Solenopsis geminata group. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc., 99 (1991), 141–98Google Scholar
Vander Meer, R. K.Semiochemicals and the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren). Fla. Entomol., 66 (1983), 139–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, N. L., Diller, J. H., and Markin, G. P.. Foraging territories of imported fire ants. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 64 (1971), 660–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. and Weber, W.. Theocolax formicformis Westwood (Hymenoptera, Chalcidae) ein anobienparasit. Z. Parasitenkunde, 15 (1952), 339–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brothers, D. J.Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera with special reference to Mutillidae. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 50 (1975), 483–648Google Scholar
Brothers, D. J. Alternative life-history styles of mutillid wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera). In Burton, M. N. (ed.) Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals, pp. 279–91. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1989
Evans, H. E. and Yoshimoto, C. M.. The ecology and nesting behavior of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of the northeastern United States. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am., 3 (1962), 65–120Google Scholar
Hurd, P. D. Jr.The California velvet ants of the genus Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Bull. Calif. Insect Surv., 1 (1951), 89–114Google Scholar
Richards, O. W. and Hamm, A. H.. The biology of the British Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol., 6 (1939), 51–114Google Scholar
Taylor, J. M.Studies on Theocolax formiciformis Westw. (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) a parasite of Anobium punctatum (Deg.), (Coleoptera, Anobiidae). Bull. Entomol. Res., 54 (1964), 797–804CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, R. B.Studies in Sircidae, especially of Europe and southern Asia. Bull. Entomol. Res., 34 (1943), 27–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. Sphecid Wasps of the World: A Generic Revision. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976
Brockmann, H. J.Diversity in the nesting behavior of mud-daubers (Trypoxylon politum Say; Sphecidae). Fla. Entomol., 63 (1979), 53–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockmann, H. J.Provisioning behavior of the great golden digger wasp, Spex ichneumoneus (L.) (Sphecidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 58 (1985), 631–55Google Scholar
Chrystal, R. N. and Myers, J. B.. Natural enemies of of Sirex cyaneus (F.) in England and their life histories. Bull. Entomol. Res., 19 (1928), 67–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, E. A.Monograph of the hymenopterous family Stephanidae. Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1922 (1922), 705–831CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, H. E. Studies on the comparative ethology of digger wasps of the genus Bembix. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Press, 1957
Gilbert, J. M. and Miller, L. W.. An outbreak of Sirex noctilio (F.) in Tasmania. Aust. Forestry, 16 (1952), 63–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, H. S.Ecological notes on the Sirex woodwasps and their parasites. Bull. Entomol. Res., 30 (1939), 27–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maa, T. A.A synopsis of Asiatic Siricoidea with notes on certain exotic and fossil forms. Notes Entomol. Chin., 13 (1949), 76–163Google Scholar
Middlekauff, W. W.The siricid woodwasps of California. Bull. Calif. Inst. Surv., 6 (1960), 59–77Google Scholar
Morgan, F. D.Bionomics of Siricidae. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 13 (1968), 239–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, F. D. and Stewart, N. C.. The biology and behavior of the woodwasp Sirex noctilio (F.) in New Zealand. Trans. R. Soc. N. Z., 7 (1966), 195–204Google Scholar
Parkin, E. A.Symbiosis in larval Siricidae. Nature, 147 (1942), 329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkin, E. A.Symbiosis and siricid woodwasps. Ann. Appl. Biol., 29 268–74CrossRef
Precupetu, A. and St. Negru, . Contribution to the knowledge of the woodwasps of the Rumanian Peoples Republic fauna. Rev. Biol. Bucharest, 6 (1961), 81–9Google Scholar
Rawlings, G. B.Recent observations on the Sirex noctilio populations in Pinus radiata forests in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Forestry, 5 (1948), 411–21Google Scholar
Rodd, N. W.Some observations on the biology of Stephanidae and Megalyridae (Hymenoptera). Aust. Zool., 11 (1951), 341–6Google Scholar
Shafer, G. D. The Ways of a Mud-Dauber. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1949
Spradbery, J. P.The oviposition biology of siricid woodwasps in Europe. Ecol. Entomol., 2 (1977), 225–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stillwell, M. A.The pigeon tremex, Tremex columba (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), in New Brunswick. Can. Entomol., 99 (1967), 685–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobias, V. I. Family Stephanidae. In Zhelokhovtsev, A. N., V. I. Tobias, and M. A. Kozlov (eds.) Key to the Identification of Insects of European USSR, vol. 3, Hymenoptera 6, pp. 236–7, Moscow
Tragardh, I.Survey of the wood-destroying insects in public buildings in Sweden. Bull. Entomol. Res., 29 (1938), 57–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tribe, G. D.The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a pest of Pinus species, now established in South Africa. Afr. Entomol., 3 (1995), 215–17Google Scholar
Williams, F. X.Ampulex compressa (Fabr.), a cockroach-hunting wasp introduced from New Caledonia into Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc., 11 (1942), 221–33Google Scholar
Carpenter, J. M. Biographic patterns in the Vespidae (Hymenoptera): two views of Africa and South America. In Goldblatt, P. (ed.). Biological Relationships between Africa and South America, pp. 139–55. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993
Chan, K. L.The hornets of Singapore: their identification, biology and control. Singapore Med. J., 13 (1972), 178–87Google ScholarPubMed
Jeanne, R. L.Evolution of social behavior in the Vespidae. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 25 (1980), 371–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, W. D. and Roth, R. R.. Density, distribution and reproductive success in Vespula maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Am. Mid. Nat., 113 (1985), 353–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madden, J. L.Factors influencing the abundance of the European wasp (Paravespula germanica [F]). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 20 (1981), 59–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makino, S., Yamane, Sk, Ban, T., and Kunou, I.. The Japanese hornet Vespa simillima Smith, an important nuisance pest in urban areas (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 32 (1981), 203–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsura, M.Nesting habits of several species of the genus Vespa in Formosa. Kontyú, 41 (1973), 286–93Google Scholar
Morse, R. A., Eichwort, G. C., and Jacobson, R. S.. The economic status of an immigrant yellowjacket, Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in northeastern United States. Environ. Entomol., 6 (1977), 109–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pallett, M. J.Nest site selection and survivorship of Dolichovespula arenaria and Dolichovespula maculata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Can. J. Zool., 62 (1984), 1268–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parrish, M. D. and Roberts, R. B.. Successful establishment of the German yellowjacket in urban New Jersey indicated by relative abundance of Vespula germanica and V. maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kansas. Entomol. Soc., 55 (1982), 272–6Google Scholar
Ross, K. G. and R. W. Matthews (eds.) The Social Biology of Wasps. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991
Vecht, J.The Indo-Australian species of the genus Ropalidia (= Icaria) Pt. 1. Treubia, 18 (1941), 103–91Google Scholar
Vecht, J.The Indo-Australian species of the genus Ropalidia (= Icaria) Pt. 2. Zool. Meded. Rijks. Mus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, 57 (1941), 1–72Google Scholar
Wafa, A. K.Ecological investigations on the activity of the oriental hornet, Vespa orientalis. Bull. Fac. Agr. Cairo Univ., 103 (1956), 1–35Google Scholar
Willink, A.Sobre la presencia de Vespula germanica (Fabricius) en la Argentina (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Neotropica (La Plata), 26 (1980), 205–6Google Scholar
Yamane, Sk. and Makino, S.. Bionomics of Vespa analis insularis and V. mandarinia latilineata in Hokkaido, northern Japan, with notes on vespine embryo nests (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insect Matsumurana N. S., 12 (1977), 1–33Google Scholar
Bequart, J.An introductory study of Polistes in the United States and Canada with descriptions of some North and South American forms. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc., 48 (1940), 1–31Google Scholar
Cervo, R., Zacchi, F., and Turillazzi, S.. Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) invading North America: some hypotheses for its rapid spread. Insectes Soc., 47 (2000), 155–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corn, M. L.Notes on the biology of Polistes carnifex in Costa Rica and Columbia. Psyche, 79 (1972), 150–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberhard, M. J.The social biology of polistine wasps. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 140 (1969), 1–101Google Scholar
Gamboa, G. J., Greig, E. I., and Thom, M. C.. The comparative biology of two sympatric paper wasps, the native Polistes fuscatus and the invasive Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Insectes Soc., 49 (2002), 45–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, A. R.Observations of Polistes peruvianus in the environs of Lima. Biota, 10 (1974), 11–27Google Scholar
Gillaspy, J. E.Behavioral observations on paper-wasps (genus Polistes). Am. Midl. Nat., 90 (1973), 1–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillaspy, J. E. The impact on man of Polistes wasps, with special reference to caterpillar suppression. In Breed, M. D., C. D. Michner, and H. E. Evans (eds.) The Biology of Social Insects, pp. 129–33. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982
Gillaspy, J. E. Polistes wasps: biology and impact on man. In Vinson, S. B. (ed.) Economic Impact and Control of Social Insects., pp. 332–52. New York: Praeger, 1986
Miyano, S.Life tables of colonies and workers in a paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis, in central Japan (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Res. Popul. Ecol., 22 (1980), 69–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, J. M.Parasites and symbionts of nests of Polistes wasps. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 61 (1968), 1528–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabb, R. L.Biological studies of Polistes in North Carolina. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 53 (1960), 111–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rau, P.The nests and the adults of colonies of Polistes wasps. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 39 (1946), 11–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soika, A. G.Vespidological notes XXXVII. New Polistes from the Australian continent. Bol. Soc. Entomol. Ital., 107 (1975), 20–5Google Scholar
West-Eberhard, M. J.The social biology of polistine wasps. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan No., 140 (1969), 1–101Google Scholar
Yamane, S.Preliminary observations of the life history of two polistine wasps, Polistes snelleni and P. biglumis in Sapporo, northern Japan. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. 6, 17 (1969), 78–105Google Scholar
Akre, R. D. The social wasps. In Hermann, H. R. (ed.) Social Insects., vol. 4, New York: Academic Press, 1982
Akre, R. D. and Myhre, E. A.. Nesting biology and behavior of the baldfaced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the Pacific Northwest. Melandria, 48 (1992), 1–33Google Scholar
Akre, R. D. and Reed, H. C.. Population cycles of yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespinae) in the Pacific Northwest. Environ. Entomol., 10 (1981), 267–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akre, R. D., MacDonald, J. F., and Hill, W. B.. Yellowjacket literature. Melandria, 18 (1974), 67–93Google Scholar
Akre, R. D., Hill, W. B., MacDonald, J. F., Greene, A., and Landolt, P.. Behavior and colony development of Vespula pensylvanica and V. atropilosa. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 49 (1976), 63–84Google Scholar
Akre, R. D., A. Greene, J. F. MacDonald, P. J. Landholt, and H. G. Davis. The Yellowjackets of America north of Mexico. USDA handbook, no. 552. Washington, DC: USDA, 1981
Archer, M. E.The Euro-Asian species of the Vespula rufa group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) with descriptions of two new species and one new subspecies. Kontyú, 49 (1981), 54–64Google Scholar
Balduf, W. V.Observations on the white-faced wasp, Dolichovespula maculata (Linn.). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 47 (1954), 445–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ban, T. and Yamane, S. K.. Nesting sites of Vespa simillima in urban areas. Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 31 (1980), 150Google Scholar
Biegel, W.Zur Biologie und Okologie sozialer Wespen. Sitzungsber. Phys. Med. Soc. Erlangen, 76 (1953), 115–53Google Scholar
Bluethgen, P. and Gusenleitner, J.. Wasps from Iran. Stuttg. Beitr. Naturkd., 223 (1970), 1–13Google Scholar
Brian, M. V. and Brian, A. D.. The wasp, Vespula sylvestris Scopoli: feeding, foraging and colony development. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 103 (1952), 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckell, E. R. and Spencer, G. J.. The social wasps of British Columbia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. B. C., 46 (1950), 33–40Google Scholar
Bunn, D. S.Notes on the nesting cycle of Dolichovespula sylvestris Scop. (Hym., Vespidae). Entomol. Mon. Mag., 118 (1982), 213–18Google Scholar
Chan, K. L.The hornets of Singapore: their identification, biology, and control. Singapore Med. J., 13 (1972), 178–87Google ScholarPubMed
Davis, H. G. Yellowjackets wasps in urban environments. In Frankie, G. W. and C. S. Koehler (eds.) Perspectives in Urban Entomology, pp. 163–5. New York: Academic Press, 1977
Donovan, B. J.Occurrence of the common wasp, Vespula vulgaris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Zool., 11 (1984), 417–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, C. D.A contribution to the biology of North American Vespine wasps. Stanford Univ. Publ. Biol. Sci., 8 (1939), 1–282Google Scholar
Eck, R.Zur Verbreitung und Varabilitatvon Dolichovespula norwegica (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Entomol. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 44 (1981), 133–52Google Scholar
Eck, R.Zur Verbreitung und Varabilitatvon Dolichovespula saxonia (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Entomol. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 46 (1981), 151–76Google Scholar
Edwards, R. Social Wasps: Their Biology and Control. UK: Rentokil, Sussex, 1980
Fox-Wilson, G.Factors affecting populations of social wasps, Vespula species, in England. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. Ser. A., 21 (1946), 17–27Google Scholar
Giganti, H. E.Una molesta avispa [Vespula (Paravespula) germanica (Fab.)] se ha introducido en Argentina. Gaceta Agron., 3 (1983), 24–8Google Scholar
Green, A., Akre, R. D., and Landolt, P. J.. The aerial yellowjacket, Dolichovespula arenaria (Fab.): nesting biology, reproductive production, and behavior (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Melandria, 26 (1976), 1–34Google Scholar
Guiglia, D.Les guepes socials d'Europe Occidentale et Septentrionale. Faune Eur. Bassin Méditerr., 6 (1972), 1–181Google Scholar
Ikeda, F. and Kodomari, S.. Biology of Vespula lewisii (in Japanese). Sizuoka Pref. Agric. Exp. Stn. (1982)Google Scholar
Ishay, J., Bytinski-Salz, H., and Shulov, A.. Contributions to the bionomics of the oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis Fab.). Isr. J. Entomol., 2 (1968), 45–106Google Scholar
Ishikawa, R.A study of Dolichovespula media (Retzius) of Japan. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, 12 (1969), 179–82Google Scholar
Jacobson, R. S., Matthews, R. W., and McDonald, J. F.. A systematic study of the Vespula vulgaris group with a description of a new yellowjacket species in eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 71 (1978), 299–312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeanne, R. L.Evolution of the social behavior of the Vespidae. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 25 (1980), 371–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemper, H.Nestunterschiede bei den sozialen Faltenwespen Deutschlands. Z. Angew. Zool., 48 (1961), 31–85Google Scholar
Kemper, H. and E. Döhring. Die Sozialen Faltenwespen Mittleleuropas. Berlin: Paul Parey, 1967
Kojima, J.The genus Vespa in the Philippines (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Kontyú, 50 (1982), 434–44Google Scholar
L⊘ken, A.Social wasps in Norway. Nord. Entomol. Tidsskr., 12 (1964), 195–218Google Scholar
MacDonald, J. F. and Matthews, R. W.. Nesting biology of the eastern yellowjacket, Vespula maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 54 (1981), 433–57Google Scholar
MacDonald, J. F., Akre, R. D., and Keyel, R.. The German yellowjacket (Vespula germanica) problem in the United States. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 26 (1980), 436–42Google Scholar
MacDonald, J. F., Matthews, R. W., and Jacobson, R. S.. Nesting biology of the yellowjacket, Vespula flavopilosa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 53 (1980), 448–58Google Scholar
Matsuura, M.Nesting sites of the Japanese Vespa species. Kontyú, 39 (1971), 43–54Google Scholar
Matsuura, M.Nesting habits of several species of the genus Vespa in Formosa. Kontyú, 41 (1973), 286–Google Scholar
Miller, C. D. F.Taxonomy and distribution of Nearctic Vespula. Can. Entomol. (suppl. 22) (1961), 1–52Google Scholar
Richards, O. W.The biology of the social wasps. Biol. Rev., 46 (1971), 483–528CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, O. W. The Social Wasps of the Americas. London: British Museum of Natural History, 1977
Richards, O. W. and Richards, M. J.. Observations on the social wasps of South America. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 102 (1951), 1–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smithers, C. N. and Holloway, G. A.. Establishment of Vespula germanica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New South Wales. Aust. Entomol. Mag., 5 (1978), 55–60Google Scholar
Steffen, A. W.Uber Nestplatz und Nestbau von Dolichovespula norwegica (F.). Z. Angew. Zool., 49 (1962), 383–Google Scholar
Thomas, C. R.The European wasp (Vespula germanica Fab.) in New Zealand. N. Z. Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Inf. Ser., 27 (1960), 1–74Google Scholar
Vecht, J.Notes on Oriental Vespinae, including some species from China and Japan. Zool. Meded. Rijks. Mus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, 36 (1959), 205–Google Scholar
Visscher, P. K. and Vetter, R. S.. Annual and multi-year nests of the western yellowjacket, Vespula pensylvanica, in California. Insectes Soc., 50 (2003), 160–CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, R. E.The genus Dolichovespula and an addition to its known species of North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 54 (1978), 131–42Google Scholar
Weyrauch, W.Dolichovespula und Vespa. Vergleichende Übersicht über swei wesentliche Lebenstypen bei sozialen Wespen., Mit Bezugnahme auf die Frage nach der Fortschrittlichkeit tierischer Organisation. Biol. Zentralbl., 56 (1935), 287–301Google Scholar
Whitehead, V. B. and Prins, A. J.. The European wasp, Vespula germanica (F.) in the Cape Peninsula. J. Entomol. Soc. South Afr., 38 (1975), 39–42Google Scholar
Willink, A.Sobre la presencia de Vespula germanica (Fabricius) en la Argentina (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Neotropica, 26 (1980), 205–Google Scholar
Yamane, S.On the genus Vespa from Nepal. Kontyú, 42 (1974), 29–39Google Scholar
Yamane, Sk., Wegner, R. E., and Yamane, S.. A tentative revision of the subgenus Paravespula of eastern Asia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insecta Matsumurana N. S., 19 (1980), 1–46Google Scholar
Allen, H. W.A revision of the Tiphiinae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) of Eastern North America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 92 (1966), 231–356Google Scholar
Allen, H. W.A monograph study of the genus Tiphia (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) of Western North America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 97 (1971), 201–359Google Scholar
Allen, H. W.A monograph study of the subfamily Tiphiinae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) of South America. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool., 113 (1972), 1–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, R. B.An introduction to the natural history of British sawflies. Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol., 10 (1950), 45–142Google Scholar
Clausen, C. P., Jaynes, H. A., and Gardner, T. R.. Further investigations of the parasites of Popillia japonica in the Far East. US Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull., 366 (1933), 1–58Google Scholar
Smith, D. R.The xiphydriid woodwasps of North America (Hymenoptera: Xyphriidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 102 (1976), 101–Google Scholar
Smith, D. R. and Barrows, E. M.. Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) in urban environments in the Washington, DC area. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 89 (1987), 147–Google Scholar
Anzenberger, G.Ethological study of African carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Z. Tierpsychol., 44 (1977), 337–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balduf, W. V.Life of the carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica (Linn.) (Xylocopidae, Hymenoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 55 (1962), 263–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrows, E. M.Results of a survey of damage caused by the carpenter bee Xylocopa virginica (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 82 (1980), 44–7Google Scholar
Ben Mordechai, Y., Cohen, R., Gerling, D., and Muscovitz, E.. The biology of Xylocopa pubescens (Spinola) (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) in Israel. J. Entomol., 12 (1978), 107–21Google Scholar
Camillio, E. and Garofalo, C. A.. On the bionomics of Xylocopa frontalis (Oliver) and Xylocopa grisescens (Lepeletier) in southern Brazil. I. Nest construction and biological cycle. Rev. Bras. Biol., 42 (1982), 571–82Google Scholar
Camillio, E., Garofalo, C. A., and Muccillo, G.. On the bionomics of Xylocopa suspecta (Moure) in southern Brazil: nest construction and biological cycle (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Rev. Bras. Biol., 46 (1986), 383–95Google Scholar
Gerling, D. and Hermann, H. R.. Biology and mating behavior of Xylocopa virginica L. (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 3 (1978), 99–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, P. D. Jr.Observations on the nesting habits of some New World carpenter bees with remarks on their importance in the problem of species formation (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 51 (1958), 365–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, P. D. Jr. An Annotated Catalog of the Carpenter Bees (Genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute, 1978
Kojima, J.-I.Observations on nest structure of the Japanese large carpenter bee, Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). New Entomol., 28 (1979), 33–8Google Scholar
Malyshev, S. J.The life and instincts of the dwarf carpenter bee, Xylocopa iris Christ. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Ser. Biol., 1 (1947), 53–77Google Scholar
Sage, R. D.Observations on feeding, nesting, and territorial behavior of carpenter bees, genus Xylocopa in Costa Rica. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 61 (1968), 884–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, H.Carpenter bees eating lead cable-covers. Entomol. Lond., 68 (1932), 8Google Scholar
Steen, Z. and Schwarz, M. P.. Nesting and life cycle of the Australian green carpenter bees Xylocopa (Lestis) aeratus Smith and Xylocopa (Lestis) bombylans (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae). Aust. J. Entomol., 39 (2000), 291–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watmough, R. H.Biology and behavior of carpenter bees in southern Africa. J. Entomol. Soc. South Afr., 37 (1974), 261–81Google Scholar
Alford, D. V. Bumblebees. London: Davis-Poynter, 1975
Ayala, R., T. L. Griswold, and S. H. Bullock. The native bees of Mexico. In Ramamoorthy, T. P., R. Bye, A. Lot, and J. Fa (eds.) Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution, pp. 179–227. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993
Cumber, R. A.The biology of bumble bees with special reference to production of worker caste. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 100 (1949), 1–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eickwort, G. C. and Ginsberg, H. S.. Foraging and mating behavior in Apoidea. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 25 (1980), 421–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Free, J. B. and C. G. Butler. Bumblebees. London: Collins, 1959
Heinrich, B. Bumblebee Economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979
Laidlaw, W. B. R.Notes on some bumble bees and wasps in Scotland. Scott. Nat., 185 (1930), 135–6Google Scholar
Sakagami, S. F. and Zucchi, R.. Winterverhalten einer neotropischen Hummel, Bombus atratus, innerhalb des Beobachtungskastens. Ein Beitrag zur Biologie der Hummeln. J. Faculty Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. VI, Zool., 15 (1965), 712–62Google Scholar
Cameron, E.On the parasites and predators of the cockroach. I. Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratz.). Bull. Entomol. Res., 46 (1955), 137–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, E.On the parasites and predators of the cockroach. II. Evania appendigaster (L.). Bull. Entomol. Res., 48 (1957), 199–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cros, A.Blatta orientalis et ses parasites. I. Evania punctata Brulle. II. Eulopus sp. etude biologique. Eos, Madrid, 18 (1942), 45–67Google Scholar
Edmunds, L. R.Some notes on the habits and parasites of native wood-roaches in Ohio (Orthoptera: Blattidae). Entomol. News, 63 (1952), 141–5Google Scholar
Edmunds, L. R.A study on the biology and life history of Prosevania punctata (Brulle) with notes on additional species (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 47 (1954), 575–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordh, G.Biological investigations on Comperia merceti (Compere), an encyrtid parasite of the cockroach Supella longipalpa (Serville). J. Entomol. A, 47 (1973), 115–23Google Scholar
Roth, L. M. and Willis, E. R.. Anastatus floridanus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) a new parasite on the eggs of the cockroach Eurycotis floridana. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 80 (1954), 29–41Google Scholar
Thoms, E. M. and Robinson, W. H.. Distribution, seasonal abundance, and pest status of the oriental cockroach (Orthoptera: Blattidae) and an evaniid wasp (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) in urban apartments. J. Econ. Entomol., 79 (1986), 431–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vargas, M . and Fallas, F.. Notes on the biology of Tetrastichus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) a parasite of cockroach oothecae. Entomol. News, 85 (1974), 23–6Google ScholarPubMed
Bhatkar, A. P. and Whitcomb, W. H.. Artificial diet for rearing various species of ants. Fla. Entomol., 53 (1970), 229–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, B.Apterous females and shift of dispersal strategy in the Monomorium salomonis-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Nat. Hist., 20 (1986), 267–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruder, K. W. and Gupta, A. P.. Biology of the pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 65 (1972), 358–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. and H. Beatson. Ants: Formicidae, Hymenoptera. In Gorham, J. R. (ed.) Ecology and Management of Food-Industry Pests, pp. 207–15. FDA Technical Bulletin 4. Arlington, VA: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1991
Delabie, J. H. C., Nacimento, I. C., Pacheco, P., and Casimiro, A. B.. Community structure of house-infesting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Bahia, Brazil. Fla. Entomol., 78 (1995), 265–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, H. G.Spatial organization of foraging activity and colonization by colony emigration of the Pharaoh's ant, Monomorium phararonis. Zool. J. Physiol., 97 (1993), 233–8Google Scholar
Gauld, I. D. and B. Bolton. The Hymenoptera. Oxford: Oxford University Press and British Museum (Natural History)
Gotwald, W. H. Jr. Army ants. In Hermann, H. R. (ed.) Social Insects 4, pp. 157–254. New York: Academic Press, 1982
Hantgartner, W.Trail laying in the subterranean ant, Acanthomyops interjectus. J. Insect Physiol., 15 (1969), 1–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hölldobler, B.Temperaturunabhängige rhythmische Erscheinungen bei Rossameisenkolonien (Camponotus ligniperda Latr. und Camponotus herculeanus L.) (Hym., Formicidae). Z. Angew. Entomol., 49 (1961), 337–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hölldobler, B. and E. O. Wilson. The Ants. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990
Human, K. G., Weiss, S., Weiss, A., Sandler, B., and Gordon, D. M.. Effects of abiotic factors on the distribution and activity of the invasive Argentine ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environ. Entomol., 27 (1998), 822–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, R. L. and Sallee, R. M.. On the duration of nests of Formica obscuripes Forel. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 60 (1953), 656–9Google Scholar
Klotz, J. H., Mangold, J. R., Vail, K. M., Davis, L. R., and Patterson, R. S.. A survey of the urban pest ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Peninsular Florida. Fla. Entomol., 78 (1995), 109–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutter, H. Hymenoptera: Formicidae. In Sauter, W. (ed.) Insecta Helvetica: Fauna, vol. 6a. Zurich: Erganzungsband Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft
Parry, K. and Morgan, E. D.. Pheromones of ants: a review. Physiol. Entomol., 4 (1979), 161–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, C. J.The biology of carpenter ants in New Brunswick. Can. Entomol., 96 (1964), 894–909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneirla, T. C. Army Ants. A Study in Social Organization. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman, 1971
Silva, E. J. and Loeck, A. E.. Ocrrancia de formigas domicilares (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em Pelotas, RS. Rev. Bas. Agroc., 5 (1999), 220–4Google Scholar
Sudd, J. H. and N. R. Franks. The Behavioural Ecology of Ants. Glasgow: Blackie, 1987
Talbot, M.Local distribution and flight activities of four species of ants of the genus Acanthomyops Mayr. Ecology, 44 (1963), 549–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traniello, J. F. A.Foraging strategies of ants. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 34 (1989), 191–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Meer, R. K., K. Jaffe, and A. Cedeno. Applied Myrmecology, A World Perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990
Way, M. J., Cammell, M. E., Paiva, M. R., and Collingwood, C. A.. Distribution and dynamics of the Argentine ant Linepithema (Iridomyrmex) humile (Mayr) in relation to vegetation, soil conditions, topography and native competitor ants in Portugal. Insectes Soc., 44 (1997), 415–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agosti, D. and Collingwood, C. A.. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym., Formicidae) with a key to the worker caste, II. Key to the worker caste, including the European species without the Iberian. Mittel. Schweiz. Entomol. Gesell., 60 (1987), 261–93Google Scholar
Alayo, P. D. Introducción al Estudio de los Himenópteros de Cuba. Superfamilia Formicoidea. Serie Biológica (Havana) no. 53. Havana: Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Instituto de Zoologia, 1974
Arnold, G.A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Ann. South Afr. Mus., 14 (1915–26), 1–766; 23, 191–295Google Scholar
Baroni Urbani, C.Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia. 1. Redia, 47 (1962), 129–38Google Scholar
Baroni Urbani, C. and Collingworth, C. A.. The zoogeography of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in northern Europe. Acta Zool. fenn., 152 (1977), 1–34Google Scholar
Barrett, K. E. J. Provisional distribution maps of ants in the British Isles. In Brian, M. V. (eds) Ants, pp. 203–16. London: Collins, 1977
Berndt, K. P. and Eichler, W.. Die Pharaoameise, Monomorium pharaonis (L.) (Hym., Myrmicidae). Mittel. Aus. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 63 (1987), 1–188Google Scholar
Bolton, B.The ant genera of West Africa: a synoptic synopsis with keys. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) (Entomol.), 27 (1973), 319–68Google Scholar
Bolton, B.A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol., 54 (1987), 263–452Google Scholar
Bolton, B. and C. A. Collingwood. Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects., vol. 4, part 3 (c). London: Dramrite Printers, 1975
Borgmeier, T.Die Wanderameisen der Neotropischen Region. Studia Entomol., 3 (1955), 1–720Google Scholar
Bourne, R. A.De Mierenfauna van Belgie (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Zool. Pathol. Antv., 67 (1977), 1–191Google Scholar
Brown, W. L.A review of the ants of New Zealand. Acta Hymenopt., 1 (1958), 1–50Google Scholar
Buren, W. F.A review of the species of Crematogaster, sensu stricto, in North America. 2. Descriptions of new species. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc., 3 (1968), 91–121Google Scholar
Chapman, J. W. and Capco, S. R.. Check list of the ants of Asia. Monogra. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila, 1 (1951)Google Scholar
Clark, J. The Formicidae of Australia, vol. 1: Subfamily Mymeciinae. Melbourne: CSIRO, 1951
Collingwood, C. A.The identification and distribution of British ants (Hym., Formicidae), 1. A revised key to the species found in Britain. Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol., 16 (1964), 93–114Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A.A synopsis of the Formicidae of North Europe. Entomologist, 104 (1971), 150–76Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A.The Formicidae of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomol. Scand., 8 (1979), 1–174Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A.Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia, 7 (1985), 230–302Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A. and Barrett, K. E. J.. The identification and distribution of British ants (Hym., Formicidae), 2. The vice-county distribution of indigenous ants of the British Isles. Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol., 16 (1964), 114–21Google Scholar
Creighton, W. S.The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 104 (1950), 1–585Google Scholar
Dlussky, G. M. Ants of the genus Formica (in Russian). Moscow: Izdatelstvo Nauka, 1967
DuBois, M. B.A revision of the native New World species of the ant genus Monomorium (minimum group). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 53 (1986), 65–119Google Scholar
Dumpert, K. The Social Biology of Ants, trans. C. Johnson. London: Pitman, 1978
Durr, H. J. R.The Argentine ant Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr). I. Its distribution, harmfulness and life cycle. Farm. S. Afr., 27 (1952), 381–90Google Scholar
Francoeur, A.Synopsis taxonomique et économique des fourmis du Québec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Québec, 22 (1977), 205–12Google Scholar
Francoeur, A.Les fourmis du Québec. 1. Introduction. 2. La famille des Formicidae. 3. La sous-famille des ponerinae. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Québec, 24 (1979), 48–64Google Scholar
Greenslade, P. J. M. A Guide to the Ants of South Australia. Adelaide: South Australian Museum, 1979
Gregg, R. E.Key to the species of Pheidole in the United States. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc., 66 (1958), 7–48Google Scholar
Gregg, R. E. The Ants of Colorado. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Press, 1963
Holgersen, H.The ants of Norway. Nyt. Mag. Naturv., 84 (1944), 163–202Google Scholar
Johnson, C.Species identification in the eastern Crematogaster. J. Entomol. Sci., 23 (1988), 314–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, W. M.The ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., 63 (1919), 273–391Google Scholar
Mann, W. M.The ants of the Fiji Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., 64 (1921), 401–99Google Scholar
Morisita, M., M. Kubota, K. Onoyama et al., Guide for the Identification of Japanese Ants. 1. Ponerinae, Cerapachyinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, Dorylinae and Leptanillinae (in Japanese). Tokyo: Myrmecological Society of Japan, 1989
Morisita, M., M. Kubota, K. Onoyama et al. A Guide for the Identification of Japanese Ants. 2. Dolichoderine and Formicinae (in Japanese). Tokyo: Myrmecological Society of Japan, 1991
Morisita, M., M. Kubota, K. Onoyama et al. A Guide for the Identification of Japanese Ants. 3. Myrmicinae and Supplement to Leptanillinae (in Japanese). Tokyo: Myrmecological Society of Japan, 1992
Nogueira, S. B. and M. R. Martinho. Leaf-cutting ants (Atta sp.), damage to and distribution along Brazilian roads. In Jaisson, P. (ed.) Social Insects in the Tropics, 2, pp. 181–6. Paris: Universit de Paris-Nord, 1983
Onoyama, K.An introduction to the ant fauna of Japan, with a check list. Kontyú, 48 (1980), 193–212Google Scholar
Smith, M. R.House-infesting ants of the Eastern United States. US Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull., 1326 (1965), 105Google Scholar
Snelling, R. R. and Hunt, J. H.. The ants of Chile. Rev. Chilena Entomol., 9 (1975), 63–129Google Scholar
Trager, J. C.A revision of the genus Paratrechina of the continental United States. Sociobiology, 9 (1984), 49–162Google Scholar
Wheeler, W. M.The ants of the Belgian Congo. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 45 (1922), 1–1139Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. and Taylor, R. W.. The ants of Polynesia. Pac. Insects Monogr., 14 (1967), 1–109Google Scholar
Wing, W. M.Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops. Cornell Univ. Agricult. Exp. Sta. Mem., 405 (1968), 1–173Google Scholar
Wu, J.Taxonomic studies on the genus Formica of China. Forest Res., 3 (1990), 1–8Google Scholar
Yano, M.On the ants of Japan. Zool. Mag. (Tokyo), 22 (1910), 416–25Google Scholar
Arnold, G.A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa, part 6. (Camponotinae). Ann. South Afr. Mus., 14 (1924), 675–766Google Scholar
Barlin, M. R., Blum, M. S., and Brand, J. M.. Species-specificity studies on the trail pheromone of the carpenter ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc., 11 (1976), 162–4Google Scholar
Eidmann, H.Zur Kenntnis der Biologie der Rossameise (Camponotus herculeanus [L]). Z. Angew. Entomol., 14 (1929), 229–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, S.The response to vibrations of the substrate and reactions to the specific drumming in colonies of carpenter ants (Camponotus, Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Behav. Ecol. Sociol., 1 (1976), 155–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kusnezov, N.El genero Camponotus en la Argentina. Acta Zool., Lillona, 12 (1951), 2–88Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, M. and Linsenmair, K. E.. Contributions to the life history of the Malaysian giant ant Camponotus gigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Soc., 47 (2000), 123–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pricer, J. L.The life history of the carpenter ant. Biol. Bull., 14 (1908), 177–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snelling, R. R. Taxonomic notes on Nearctic species of Camponotus, Subgenus Myrmentoma. In Trager, J. C. (ed.) Advances in Myrmecology. New York, 1988
Smith, F.The nutritional requirements of Camponotus ants. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 38 (1944), 401–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traniello, J. F. A.Recruitment behavior, orientation, and the organization of foraging in the carpenter ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 2 (1977), 61–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, M., Xiao, G. and Wu, J.. Taxonomic studies on the genus Camponotus in China. Forest Res., 2 (1989), 221–8Google Scholar
Wang, M., Xiao, G. and Wu, J.Taxonomic studies on the genus Camponotus in China (conclusion). Forest Res., 2 (1989), 321–8Google Scholar
Yasumatsu, K. and Brown, W. L. Jr.Revisional notes on Camponotus herculeanus Linné and close relatives in the Palearctic regions. J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ., 10 (1951), 29–44Google Scholar
Yasumatsu, K. and Brown, W. L. Jr.A second look at the ants of the Camponotus herculeanus group in eastern Asia. J. Fac. Agri., Kyushu Univ., 11 (1957), 45–51Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A.The Lasius (Chthonolasius) umbratus (Hym., Formicidae) complex in North Europe. Entomologist, 96 (1963), 145–58Google Scholar
Collingwood, C. A.Himalayan ants of the genus Lasius. System. Entomol., 7 (1982), 283–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seifert, B.A taxonomic revision of the Palearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. Abhand. Berichte Naturkunde-mus. Gorlitz, 66 (1992), 1–67Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O.A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 113 (1955), 1–201Google Scholar
Yamauchi, K.Taxonomic and ecological studies on the ant genus Lasius in Japan. 1. Taxonomy. Sci. Rep. Fac. Educ. Gifu Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 6 (1979), 147–81Google Scholar
Bruce, W. A., Cline, L. D., and LeCato, G. L.. Imported fire ant infestation of buildings. Fla Entomol., 61 (1978), 230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creighton, W. S.The New World species of the genus Solenopsis. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 66 (1930), 39–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemmer, D. I. and Serfling, R. E.. The imported fire ant: dimensions of the urban problem. South Med. J., 68 (1975), 1133–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, D. J. C., Blum, M. S., Whitt, T. V., and Temple, N.. Monogyny and polygyny in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 73 (1980), 658–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lofgren, C. S., Banks, W. A., and Glancy, B. M.. Biology and control of imported fire ants. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 20 (1975), 1–30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markin, G. P., Diller, J. H., Hill, S. O., Blum, M. S., and Hermann, H. R.. Nuptial flight and flight ranges of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. G. Entomol. Soc., 6 (1971), 145–56Google Scholar
Markin, G. P., Collins, H. L., and Diller, J. H.. Colony founding by queens of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 65 (1972), 1053–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markin, G. P., O'Neal, J., Diller, J. H., and Collins, H. L.. Regional variation in the seasonal activity of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri. Environ. Entomol., 3 (1974), 446–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trager, J. C.A revision of the fire ants, Solenopsis geminata group. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc., 99 (1991), 141–98Google Scholar
Vander Meer, R. K.Semiochemicals and the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren). Fla. Entomol., 66 (1983), 139–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, N. L., Diller, J. H., and Markin, G. P.. Foraging territories of imported fire ants. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 64 (1971), 660–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. and Weber, W.. Theocolax formicformis Westwood (Hymenoptera, Chalcidae) ein anobienparasit. Z. Parasitenkunde, 15 (1952), 339–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brothers, D. J.Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera with special reference to Mutillidae. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 50 (1975), 483–648Google Scholar
Brothers, D. J. Alternative life-history styles of mutillid wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera). In Burton, M. N. (ed.) Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals, pp. 279–91. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1989
Evans, H. E. and Yoshimoto, C. M.. The ecology and nesting behavior of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of the northeastern United States. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am., 3 (1962), 65–120Google Scholar
Hurd, P. D. Jr.The California velvet ants of the genus Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Bull. Calif. Insect Surv., 1 (1951), 89–114Google Scholar
Richards, O. W. and Hamm, A. H.. The biology of the British Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol., 6 (1939), 51–114Google Scholar
Taylor, J. M.Studies on Theocolax formiciformis Westw. (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) a parasite of Anobium punctatum (Deg.), (Coleoptera, Anobiidae). Bull. Entomol. Res., 54 (1964), 797–804CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, R. B.Studies in Sircidae, especially of Europe and southern Asia. Bull. Entomol. Res., 34 (1943), 27–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. Sphecid Wasps of the World: A Generic Revision. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976
Brockmann, H. J.Diversity in the nesting behavior of mud-daubers (Trypoxylon politum Say; Sphecidae). Fla. Entomol., 63 (1979), 53–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockmann, H. J.Provisioning behavior of the great golden digger wasp, Spex ichneumoneus (L.) (Sphecidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 58 (1985), 631–55Google Scholar
Chrystal, R. N. and Myers, J. B.. Natural enemies of of Sirex cyaneus (F.) in England and their life histories. Bull. Entomol. Res., 19 (1928), 67–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, E. A.Monograph of the hymenopterous family Stephanidae. Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1922 (1922), 705–831CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, H. E. Studies on the comparative ethology of digger wasps of the genus Bembix. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Press, 1957
Gilbert, J. M. and Miller, L. W.. An outbreak of Sirex noctilio (F.) in Tasmania. Aust. Forestry, 16 (1952), 63–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, H. S.Ecological notes on the Sirex woodwasps and their parasites. Bull. Entomol. Res., 30 (1939), 27–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maa, T. A.A synopsis of Asiatic Siricoidea with notes on certain exotic and fossil forms. Notes Entomol. Chin., 13 (1949), 76–163Google Scholar
Middlekauff, W. W.The siricid woodwasps of California. Bull. Calif. Inst. Surv., 6 (1960), 59–77Google Scholar
Morgan, F. D.Bionomics of Siricidae. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 13 (1968), 239–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, F. D. and Stewart, N. C.. The biology and behavior of the woodwasp Sirex noctilio (F.) in New Zealand. Trans. R. Soc. N. Z., 7 (1966), 195–204Google Scholar
Parkin, E. A.Symbiosis in larval Siricidae. Nature, 147 (1942), 329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkin, E. A.Symbiosis and siricid woodwasps. Ann. Appl. Biol., 29 268–74CrossRef
Precupetu, A. and St. Negru, . Contribution to the knowledge of the woodwasps of the Rumanian Peoples Republic fauna. Rev. Biol. Bucharest, 6 (1961), 81–9Google Scholar
Rawlings, G. B.Recent observations on the Sirex noctilio populations in Pinus radiata forests in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Forestry, 5 (1948), 411–21Google Scholar
Rodd, N. W.Some observations on the biology of Stephanidae and Megalyridae (Hymenoptera). Aust. Zool., 11 (1951), 341–6Google Scholar
Shafer, G. D. The Ways of a Mud-Dauber. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1949
Spradbery, J. P.The oviposition biology of siricid woodwasps in Europe. Ecol. Entomol., 2 (1977), 225–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stillwell, M. A.The pigeon tremex, Tremex columba (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), in New Brunswick. Can. Entomol., 99 (1967), 685–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobias, V. I. Family Stephanidae. In Zhelokhovtsev, A. N., V. I. Tobias, and M. A. Kozlov (eds.) Key to the Identification of Insects of European USSR, vol. 3, Hymenoptera 6, pp. 236–7, Moscow
Tragardh, I.Survey of the wood-destroying insects in public buildings in Sweden. Bull. Entomol. Res., 29 (1938), 57–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tribe, G. D.The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a pest of Pinus species, now established in South Africa. Afr. Entomol., 3 (1995), 215–17Google Scholar
Williams, F. X.Ampulex compressa (Fabr.), a cockroach-hunting wasp introduced from New Caledonia into Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc., 11 (1942), 221–33Google Scholar
Carpenter, J. M. Biographic patterns in the Vespidae (Hymenoptera): two views of Africa and South America. In Goldblatt, P. (ed.). Biological Relationships between Africa and South America, pp. 139–55. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993
Chan, K. L.The hornets of Singapore: their identification, biology and control. Singapore Med. J., 13 (1972), 178–87Google ScholarPubMed
Jeanne, R. L.Evolution of social behavior in the Vespidae. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 25 (1980), 371–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, W. D. and Roth, R. R.. Density, distribution and reproductive success in Vespula maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Am. Mid. Nat., 113 (1985), 353–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madden, J. L.Factors influencing the abundance of the European wasp (Paravespula germanica [F]). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 20 (1981), 59–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makino, S., Yamane, Sk, Ban, T., and Kunou, I.. The Japanese hornet Vespa simillima Smith, an important nuisance pest in urban areas (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 32 (1981), 203–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsura, M.Nesting habits of several species of the genus Vespa in Formosa. Kontyú, 41 (1973), 286–93Google Scholar
Morse, R. A., Eichwort, G. C., and Jacobson, R. S.. The economic status of an immigrant yellowjacket, Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in northeastern United States. Environ. Entomol., 6 (1977), 109–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pallett, M. J.Nest site selection and survivorship of Dolichovespula arenaria and Dolichovespula maculata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Can. J. Zool., 62 (1984), 1268–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parrish, M. D. and Roberts, R. B.. Successful establishment of the German yellowjacket in urban New Jersey indicated by relative abundance of Vespula germanica and V. maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kansas. Entomol. Soc., 55 (1982), 272–6Google Scholar
Ross, K. G. and R. W. Matthews (eds.) The Social Biology of Wasps. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991
Vecht, J.The Indo-Australian species of the genus Ropalidia (= Icaria) Pt. 1. Treubia, 18 (1941), 103–91Google Scholar
Vecht, J.The Indo-Australian species of the genus Ropalidia (= Icaria) Pt. 2. Zool. Meded. Rijks. Mus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, 57 (1941), 1–72Google Scholar
Wafa, A. K.Ecological investigations on the activity of the oriental hornet, Vespa orientalis. Bull. Fac. Agr. Cairo Univ., 103 (1956), 1–35Google Scholar
Willink, A.Sobre la presencia de Vespula germanica (Fabricius) en la Argentina (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Neotropica (La Plata), 26 (1980), 205–6Google Scholar
Yamane, Sk. and Makino, S.. Bionomics of Vespa analis insularis and V. mandarinia latilineata in Hokkaido, northern Japan, with notes on vespine embryo nests (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insect Matsumurana N. S., 12 (1977), 1–33Google Scholar
Bequart, J.An introductory study of Polistes in the United States and Canada with descriptions of some North and South American forms. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc., 48 (1940), 1–31Google Scholar
Cervo, R., Zacchi, F., and Turillazzi, S.. Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) invading North America: some hypotheses for its rapid spread. Insectes Soc., 47 (2000), 155–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corn, M. L.Notes on the biology of Polistes carnifex in Costa Rica and Columbia. Psyche, 79 (1972), 150–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberhard, M. J.The social biology of polistine wasps. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 140 (1969), 1–101Google Scholar
Gamboa, G. J., Greig, E. I., and Thom, M. C.. The comparative biology of two sympatric paper wasps, the native Polistes fuscatus and the invasive Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Insectes Soc., 49 (2002), 45–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, A. R.Observations of Polistes peruvianus in the environs of Lima. Biota, 10 (1974), 11–27Google Scholar
Gillaspy, J. E.Behavioral observations on paper-wasps (genus Polistes). Am. Midl. Nat., 90 (1973), 1–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillaspy, J. E. The impact on man of Polistes wasps, with special reference to caterpillar suppression. In Breed, M. D., C. D. Michner, and H. E. Evans (eds.) The Biology of Social Insects, pp. 129–33. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982
Gillaspy, J. E. Polistes wasps: biology and impact on man. In Vinson, S. B. (ed.) Economic Impact and Control of Social Insects., pp. 332–52. New York: Praeger, 1986
Miyano, S.Life tables of colonies and workers in a paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis, in central Japan (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Res. Popul. Ecol., 22 (1980), 69–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, J. M.Parasites and symbionts of nests of Polistes wasps. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 61 (1968), 1528–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabb, R. L.Biological studies of Polistes in North Carolina. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 53 (1960), 111–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rau, P.The nests and the adults of colonies of Polistes wasps. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 39 (1946), 11–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soika, A. G.Vespidological notes XXXVII. New Polistes from the Australian continent. Bol. Soc. Entomol. Ital., 107 (1975), 20–5Google Scholar
West-Eberhard, M. J.The social biology of polistine wasps. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan No., 140 (1969), 1–101Google Scholar
Yamane, S.Preliminary observations of the life history of two polistine wasps, Polistes snelleni and P. biglumis in Sapporo, northern Japan. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. 6, 17 (1969), 78–105Google Scholar
Akre, R. D. The social wasps. In Hermann, H. R. (ed.) Social Insects., vol. 4, New York: Academic Press, 1982
Akre, R. D. and Myhre, E. A.. Nesting biology and behavior of the baldfaced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the Pacific Northwest. Melandria, 48 (1992), 1–33Google Scholar
Akre, R. D. and Reed, H. C.. Population cycles of yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespinae) in the Pacific Northwest. Environ. Entomol., 10 (1981), 267–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akre, R. D., MacDonald, J. F., and Hill, W. B.. Yellowjacket literature. Melandria, 18 (1974), 67–93Google Scholar
Akre, R. D., Hill, W. B., MacDonald, J. F., Greene, A., and Landolt, P.. Behavior and colony development of Vespula pensylvanica and V. atropilosa. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 49 (1976), 63–84Google Scholar
Akre, R. D., A. Greene, J. F. MacDonald, P. J. Landholt, and H. G. Davis. The Yellowjackets of America north of Mexico. USDA handbook, no. 552. Washington, DC: USDA, 1981
Archer, M. E.The Euro-Asian species of the Vespula rufa group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) with descriptions of two new species and one new subspecies. Kontyú, 49 (1981), 54–64Google Scholar
Balduf, W. V.Observations on the white-faced wasp, Dolichovespula maculata (Linn.). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 47 (1954), 445–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ban, T. and Yamane, S. K.. Nesting sites of Vespa simillima in urban areas. Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 31 (1980), 150Google Scholar
Biegel, W.Zur Biologie und Okologie sozialer Wespen. Sitzungsber. Phys. Med. Soc. Erlangen, 76 (1953), 115–53Google Scholar
Bluethgen, P. and Gusenleitner, J.. Wasps from Iran. Stuttg. Beitr. Naturkd., 223 (1970), 1–13Google Scholar
Brian, M. V. and Brian, A. D.. The wasp, Vespula sylvestris Scopoli: feeding, foraging and colony development. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 103 (1952), 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckell, E. R. and Spencer, G. J.. The social wasps of British Columbia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. B. C., 46 (1950), 33–40Google Scholar
Bunn, D. S.Notes on the nesting cycle of Dolichovespula sylvestris Scop. (Hym., Vespidae). Entomol. Mon. Mag., 118 (1982), 213–18Google Scholar
Chan, K. L.The hornets of Singapore: their identification, biology, and control. Singapore Med. J., 13 (1972), 178–87Google ScholarPubMed
Davis, H. G. Yellowjackets wasps in urban environments. In Frankie, G. W. and C. S. Koehler (eds.) Perspectives in Urban Entomology, pp. 163–5. New York: Academic Press, 1977
Donovan, B. J.Occurrence of the common wasp, Vespula vulgaris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Zool., 11 (1984), 417–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, C. D.A contribution to the biology of North American Vespine wasps. Stanford Univ. Publ. Biol. Sci., 8 (1939), 1–282Google Scholar
Eck, R.Zur Verbreitung und Varabilitatvon Dolichovespula norwegica (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Entomol. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 44 (1981), 133–52Google Scholar
Eck, R.Zur Verbreitung und Varabilitatvon Dolichovespula saxonia (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Entomol. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 46 (1981), 151–76Google Scholar
Edwards, R. Social Wasps: Their Biology and Control. UK: Rentokil, Sussex, 1980
Fox-Wilson, G.Factors affecting populations of social wasps, Vespula species, in England. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. Ser. A., 21 (1946), 17–27Google Scholar
Giganti, H. E.Una molesta avispa [Vespula (Paravespula) germanica (Fab.)] se ha introducido en Argentina. Gaceta Agron., 3 (1983), 24–8Google Scholar
Green, A., Akre, R. D., and Landolt, P. J.. The aerial yellowjacket, Dolichovespula arenaria (Fab.): nesting biology, reproductive production, and behavior (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Melandria, 26 (1976), 1–34Google Scholar
Guiglia, D.Les guepes socials d'Europe Occidentale et Septentrionale. Faune Eur. Bassin Méditerr., 6 (1972), 1–181Google Scholar
Ikeda, F. and Kodomari, S.. Biology of Vespula lewisii (in Japanese). Sizuoka Pref. Agric. Exp. Stn. (1982)Google Scholar
Ishay, J., Bytinski-Salz, H., and Shulov, A.. Contributions to the bionomics of the oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis Fab.). Isr. J. Entomol., 2 (1968), 45–106Google Scholar
Ishikawa, R.A study of Dolichovespula media (Retzius) of Japan. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, 12 (1969), 179–82Google Scholar
Jacobson, R. S., Matthews, R. W., and McDonald, J. F.. A systematic study of the Vespula vulgaris group with a description of a new yellowjacket species in eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 71 (1978), 299–312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeanne, R. L.Evolution of the social behavior of the Vespidae. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 25 (1980), 371–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemper, H.Nestunterschiede bei den sozialen Faltenwespen Deutschlands. Z. Angew. Zool., 48 (1961), 31–85Google Scholar
Kemper, H. and E. Döhring. Die Sozialen Faltenwespen Mittleleuropas. Berlin: Paul Parey, 1967
Kojima, J.The genus Vespa in the Philippines (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Kontyú, 50 (1982), 434–44Google Scholar
L⊘ken, A.Social wasps in Norway. Nord. Entomol. Tidsskr., 12 (1964), 195–218Google Scholar
MacDonald, J. F. and Matthews, R. W.. Nesting biology of the eastern yellowjacket, Vespula maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 54 (1981), 433–57Google Scholar
MacDonald, J. F., Akre, R. D., and Keyel, R.. The German yellowjacket (Vespula germanica) problem in the United States. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 26 (1980), 436–42Google Scholar
MacDonald, J. F., Matthews, R. W., and Jacobson, R. S.. Nesting biology of the yellowjacket, Vespula flavopilosa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 53 (1980), 448–58Google Scholar
Matsuura, M.Nesting sites of the Japanese Vespa species. Kontyú, 39 (1971), 43–54Google Scholar
Matsuura, M.Nesting habits of several species of the genus Vespa in Formosa. Kontyú, 41 (1973), 286–Google Scholar
Miller, C. D. F.Taxonomy and distribution of Nearctic Vespula. Can. Entomol. (suppl. 22) (1961), 1–52Google Scholar
Richards, O. W.The biology of the social wasps. Biol. Rev., 46 (1971), 483–528CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, O. W. The Social Wasps of the Americas. London: British Museum of Natural History, 1977
Richards, O. W. and Richards, M. J.. Observations on the social wasps of South America. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 102 (1951), 1–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smithers, C. N. and Holloway, G. A.. Establishment of Vespula germanica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New South Wales. Aust. Entomol. Mag., 5 (1978), 55–60Google Scholar
Steffen, A. W.Uber Nestplatz und Nestbau von Dolichovespula norwegica (F.). Z. Angew. Zool., 49 (1962), 383–Google Scholar
Thomas, C. R.The European wasp (Vespula germanica Fab.) in New Zealand. N. Z. Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Inf. Ser., 27 (1960), 1–74Google Scholar
Vecht, J.Notes on Oriental Vespinae, including some species from China and Japan. Zool. Meded. Rijks. Mus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, 36 (1959), 205–Google Scholar
Visscher, P. K. and Vetter, R. S.. Annual and multi-year nests of the western yellowjacket, Vespula pensylvanica, in California. Insectes Soc., 50 (2003), 160–CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, R. E.The genus Dolichovespula and an addition to its known species of North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 54 (1978), 131–42Google Scholar
Weyrauch, W.Dolichovespula und Vespa. Vergleichende Übersicht über swei wesentliche Lebenstypen bei sozialen Wespen., Mit Bezugnahme auf die Frage nach der Fortschrittlichkeit tierischer Organisation. Biol. Zentralbl., 56 (1935), 287–301Google Scholar
Whitehead, V. B. and Prins, A. J.. The European wasp, Vespula germanica (F.) in the Cape Peninsula. J. Entomol. Soc. South Afr., 38 (1975), 39–42Google Scholar
Willink, A.Sobre la presencia de Vespula germanica (Fabricius) en la Argentina (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Neotropica, 26 (1980), 205–Google Scholar
Yamane, S.On the genus Vespa from Nepal. Kontyú, 42 (1974), 29–39Google Scholar
Yamane, Sk., Wegner, R. E., and Yamane, S.. A tentative revision of the subgenus Paravespula of eastern Asia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insecta Matsumurana N. S., 19 (1980), 1–46Google Scholar
Allen, H. W.A revision of the Tiphiinae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) of Eastern North America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 92 (1966), 231–356Google Scholar
Allen, H. W.A monograph study of the genus Tiphia (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) of Western North America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 97 (1971), 201–359Google Scholar
Allen, H. W.A monograph study of the subfamily Tiphiinae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) of South America. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool., 113 (1972), 1–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, R. B.An introduction to the natural history of British sawflies. Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol., 10 (1950), 45–142Google Scholar
Clausen, C. P., Jaynes, H. A., and Gardner, T. R.. Further investigations of the parasites of Popillia japonica in the Far East. US Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull., 366 (1933), 1–58Google Scholar
Smith, D. R.The xiphydriid woodwasps of North America (Hymenoptera: Xyphriidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 102 (1976), 101–Google Scholar
Smith, D. R. and Barrows, E. M.. Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) in urban environments in the Washington, DC area. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 89 (1987), 147–Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Hymenoptera
  • William H. Robinson
  • Book: Urban Insects and Arachnids
  • Online publication: 06 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542718.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Hymenoptera
  • William H. Robinson
  • Book: Urban Insects and Arachnids
  • Online publication: 06 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542718.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Hymenoptera
  • William H. Robinson
  • Book: Urban Insects and Arachnids
  • Online publication: 06 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542718.010
Available formats
×