Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T05:16:31.746Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Communication technology and psychological well-being: Yin, Yang, and the golden mean of media effects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2009

Yair Amichai-Hamburger
Affiliation:
Sammy Ofer School of Communications, Interdisciplinary Center, Israel
Get access

Summary

The Yin and Yang of ancient Chinese philosophy is the symbol of two primal opposing but complementary forces found in all things in the universe. The Yin and Yang of communication technology could be described as follows: like most technological advances, communication devices improve people's lives immeasurably. Once they use them, people cannot imagine living without them. On the other hand, critics contend that these same electronic communication media – beginning with movies, television, and radio, and today including the Internet, video games, cell phones, PDAs (personal data assistants), and other mobile devices – are turning those of us who spend an inordinate amount of time with them into isolated, narcissistic, anxious, and ultimately unhappy beings. Whether we are technically addicted, or just spend too much of our time communing with digital visual, audio, and text devices, we are thought to be socially fragmented, less able than others who are not as drawn to these technologies to connect in face-to-face interactions. We experience, perhaps, a diminished sense of psychological well-being in comparison to them.

It seems safe to say that each new communication technology could be either a detriment or a benefit to psychological well-being. The Yang of detriments and the Yin of benefits exist as a whole. We could add Aristotle's conception of the golden mean to this equation: There is a midpoint between extremes in which the psychological benefits of communication media are maximized. Below this point, one does not experience the benefits.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, R. B., and Rodman, G. (2009). Understanding Human Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (Ed.) (2005). The Social Net: Understanding human behavior in cyberspace. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Anderson, C. A., and Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12, 353–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auter, P. J., and Palmgreen, P. (2000). Development and validation of a parasocial interaction measure: The audience–persona interaction scale. Communication Research Reports, 17, 79–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, S. (2001). Online Connection: Internet interpersonal relationships. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Biddle, S., Fox, K.s, and Boutcher, S. (2003). Physical Activity and Psychological Well-being. Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brim, O. (1994). Psychological well-being. MIDMAC Bulletin #3. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from http://midmac.med.harvard.edu/bullet3.html
Chesley, Noelle. (2005). Blurring boundaries? Linking technology use, spillover, individual distress, and family satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1237–1248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cline, V. B., Croft, Roger G., and Courrier, S. (1973). Desensitization of children to television violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 360–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication and Society, 4, 245–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, T., and Leets, L. (1999). Attachment styles and intimate television viewing: Insecurely forming relationships in a parasocial way. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16, 495–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, P. (1990). Why the self is empty: Toward a historically situated psychology. American Psychologist, 45, 599–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, P., and Johnson, M. A. (1998). The role of self in third-person effects about body image. Journal of Communication, 48, 57–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duck, S. (1992). Staying healthy…with a little help from our friends? In Human Relationships, 2nd edn. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Durham, M. G., and Kellner, D. M. (Eds.) (2006). Media and Cultural Studies: Key works. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Durkheim, É. (1964). The Division of Labor in Society (Simpson, G., Trans.). New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, E. (1979). The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and cultural transformations in early modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eyal, K., and Cohen, , , J. (2006). When good friends say goodbye: A para-social breakup study. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 50, 502–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, S. ([1901] 1965). The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (Tyson, Alan, Trans.). New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Frone, M. R. (2003). Work–family balance. In Quick, J. C. and Tetrick, L. E. (Eds.), Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (pp. 143–162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fry, K. G. (2006). Advertising and the body to advertising on the body: A socio-historical look at marketing of the future. Paper presented at the XIV Economic History Congress, Helsinki, Finland, August.
Fry, K. G. (2007). Audiences for the news, the morphing genre: Virginia Tech as a case study. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the New York State Communication Association, October.
Fry, K., and Lewis, B. (2008). Media, Myth, Religion: Identities in space, time and technology. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Gentile, D. A., and Anderson, C. A. (2003). Violent video games: The newest media violence hazard. In Gentile, D. (Ed.), Media Violence and Children (pp. 131–152). Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Gerbner, George, Gross, L., Morgan, M., and Signorielli, N. (1994). Living with television: The cultivation perspective. In Bryant, J. and Zillman, D. (Eds.), Media Effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 17–41). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Goody, J. (1968). Literacy in Traditional Societies. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gronbeck, B. (2006). The orality–literacy theorems and media ecology. In Lum, Casey M. K. (Ed.), Perspectives on Culture, Technology and Communication: The media ecology tradition (pp. 335–366). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Havelock, E. A. (1963). Preface to Plato. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Healy, J. M. (1990). Endangered Minds. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Hill, E. J., Ferris, M., and Martinson, V. (2003). Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 220–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horkheimer, M., and Adorno, T. (2002). The culture industry: Enlightenment as mass deception. In Noerr, Gunzelin Schmid (Ed.), Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical fragments (pp. 94–136). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Horton, D., and Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction. Psychiatry, 19, 215–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Innis, H. (1950). Empire and Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jung, C. (1939). The Integration of the Personality. New York: Farrar and Reinhart.Google Scholar
Katz, E. (1959). Mass communication research and the study of popular culture. Studies in Public Communication, 2, 1–6.Google Scholar
Keren, M. (2006). Blogosphere: The new political arena. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Krafka, C., Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., and Penrod, S. (1997). Women's reactions to sexually aggressive mass media depictions. Violence Against Women, 3, 149–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., and Crawford, A. (2002). Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 49–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., and Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?American Psychologist, 53, 1017–1031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubey, R., and Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). Television addiction is no mere metaphor. Scientific American, February. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=television-addiction-is-n-2002-02.CrossRef
LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., and Eastin, Matthew S. (2003). Unregulated Internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation?Media Psychology, 5, 225–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasswell, H. D. (1927). Propaganda Technique in the World War. New York: Peter Smith.Google Scholar
Lazarfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., and Gaudet, H. (1948). The People's Choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential election. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lombard, M., and Ditton, T. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/lombard.html.Google Scholar
Lowery, S., and DeFleur, M. ([1983] 1995). Milestones in Mass Communication Research, 3rd edn. New York: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Lum, C. M. K. (Ed.) (2006). Perspectives on Culture, Technology and Communication: The media ecology tradition. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Marx, K., and Engels, F. (1978). The Marx–Engels Reader, 2nd edn. (Tucker, R. C., Trans.). New York: Norton.Google Scholar
McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutenberg Galaxy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media: The extensions of man. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No Sense of Place. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Muhlen, N. (1949). Comic books and other horrors: Prep school for totalitarian society? Commentary, January, 80.
Nussbaum, E. (2007). Say everything. New York, February 12, 24.
Ong, W. (1982). Orality and Literacy: The technologizing of the word. London: Methuen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orzack, M. H. (1998). Computer addiction: What is it? Psychiatric Times XV, 8. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/54286?pageNumber=2.
Poster, M. (1990). The Mode of Information. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Postman, N. (1982). The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Delacorte Press.Google Scholar
Postman, N. (1985). Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York: Viking Penguin.Google Scholar
Rodman, G. (2001). Making Sense of Media (pp. 296–298). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Rodman, G. (2007). Mass Media in a Changing World, update edn. (pp. 443–454). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Roehling, P. V., Moen, P., and Batt, R. (2003). Spillover. In Moen, P. (Ed.), It's About Time: Couples and careers (pp. 101–121). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rogers, C. (1980). A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Ruberman, R. (1992). Psychosocial influences on mortality of patients with coronary heart disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 227, 559–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, R., Rigby, C. S., and Przybylski, A. (2006). The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 347–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 99–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheeres, J. (2001). The quest to end game addiction. Wired, December. Retrieved March 10, 2007, from www.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/news/2001/12/48479.
Schramm, W., Lyle, J., and Parker, E. (1961). Television in the Lives of Our Children. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Setzer, V. W., and Duckett, G. W. (2000). The risks to children using electronic games. Retrieved March 10, 2007, from www.ime.usp.br/~vwsetzer/video-g-risks.html.
Severin, W. J., and Tankard, J. W. (2000). Communication Theories, 5th edn. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Signorielli, N., and Staples, J. (1997). Television and children's conceptions of nutrition. Health Communication, 9, 289–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, M. (1998). The Rise of the Image, the Fall of the Word. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Teske, J. (2002). Cyberpsychology, human relationships, and our virtual interiors. Zygon, 37, 677–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toffoletti, K. (2003). Bodies in stereo: Advertising at the interface. Metro Magazine, no. 135. EBSCO Publishing.Google Scholar
Turkle, S. (1984). The Second Self: Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Turkle, S. (2004). How computers change the way we think. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 50, B26.Google Scholar
,US Census Bureau (2009). Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from www.census.gov/compendia/statab.
Weber, M. (1985). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Parsons, Talcott, Trans.). London: Counterpoint.Google Scholar
Wertham, F. (1954). Seduction of the Innocent. New York: Rinehart.Google Scholar
Wurman, R. S. (1980). Information Anxiety. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Zedeck, S. (1992). Work, Families, and Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×