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26 - Seasonal-to-Interannual Variability

from Part VI - Terrestrial Forcings and Feedbacks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2015

Gordon Bonan
Gordon Bonan
Affiliation:
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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Summary

Chapter Summary

Atmospheric and oceanic processes and their coupling dominate much of the study of seasonal-to-interannual climate variability. However, land surface processes also contribute to climate variability. Soil moisture is a key aspect of seasonal precipitation forecasts. Recycling of precipitation in evapotranspiration can lead to a positive feedback by which wet soils pump more moisture into the atmosphere, which enhances rainfall and further wets the soil. Conversely, dry soils, with low rates of evapotranspiration, can reduce rainfall. The retention of precipitation by soil and the influence of soil moisture on subsequent evapotranspiration contribute to and amplify interannual precipitation variability over tropical and middle latitudes. The presence of snow is also an important initial condition required for accurate forecasts. The high albedo of snow-covered surfaces prevents the surface from warming during the day. On warm days, a large portion of net radiation at the surface is used to melt snow. By cooling the surface and reducing the land–ocean temperature contrast, snow can influence summer precipitation in monsoon climates. The seasonal emergence of leaves in spring imparts a discernible signal to air temperature. Greater latent heat flux with leaf emergence cools air temperature.

Soil Moisture

Soil moisture regulates boundary layer processes through the partitioning of net radiation into sensible and latent heat fluxes (Figure 26.1). Atmospheric model simulations have routinely demonstrated the importance of soil moisture, through its effect on evapotranspiration, for climate simulation (Seneviratne et al. 2010). These simulations typically alter soil moisture or more generally soil wetness (the effect of soil moisture on evapotranspiration). Such studies demonstrate a positive feedback in which wet soils pump more moisture into the atmosphere, which can enhance rainfall and further wet the soil. Conversely, dry soils, with low rates of evapotranspiration, reduce rainfall.

One experimental approach has been to artificially set soil wetness to prescribed values that do not change over time and to contrast climate simulations using wet and dry soils. Shukla and Mintz (1982) used this method to demonstrate the effect of evapotranspiration on climate. Using a global model, they compared a simulation with perpetually dry soils to that with perpetually wet soils.

Type
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Ecological Climatology
Concepts and Applications
 , pp. 483 - 499
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

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  • Seasonal-to-Interannual Variability
  • Gordon Bonan, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book: Ecological Climatology
  • Online publication: 05 November 2015
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107339200.027
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  • Seasonal-to-Interannual Variability
  • Gordon Bonan, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book: Ecological Climatology
  • Online publication: 05 November 2015
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107339200.027
Available formats
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Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Seasonal-to-Interannual Variability
  • Gordon Bonan, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book: Ecological Climatology
  • Online publication: 05 November 2015
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107339200.027
Available formats
×