Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-c75p9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-10T10:41:55.457Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

27 - Biogeophysical Climate–Vegetation Dynamics

from Part VI - Terrestrial Forcings and Feedbacks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2015

Gordon Bonan
Gordon Bonan
Affiliation:
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
Get access

Summary

Chapter Summary

This chapter examines the biogeophysical coupling between terrestrial vegetation and climate. Daisyworld is first introduced as a simple model of coupled climate–vegetation dynamics. The Daisyworld model illustrates the potential for regulation of climate by vegetation. More realistic examples of climate–vegetation interactions occur regionally in response to gradients in precipitation or temperature. The gradient from tropical rainforest to tropical deciduous forest to savanna to desert represents increasing aridity. This gradient is not only a response to soil moisture but also feeds back to affect climate, especially precipitation. An example of this is in northern and western Africa, where climate model simulations demonstrate that the expansion of vegetation into desert in response to increased rainfall feeds back to increase rainfall. Another example is the boreal forest–tundra ecotone. The transition from forest to tundra relates to cold temperature. Numerous studies show that the northward migration of trees in response to climate warming feeds back to accentuate the warming; loss of tree cover with a cold climate reinforces cold temperatures. These studies indicate widespread changes in vegetation structure and biogeography in response to climate change are likely to themselves change climate. Carbon cycle feedbacks are considered in Chapter 29.

Biogeophysical Feedbacks

The studies outlined in Chapter 26 highlight biogeophysical processes by which Earth's land and its vegetation affect seasonal-to-interannual climate variability. Changes in vegetation structure, composition, and biogeography in response to long-term climate change similarly feed back to influence climate change. This arises from differences among vegetation in albedo, surface roughness, leaf area index, rooting depth, and canopy conductance.

The albedo of land varies with surface characteristics (Table 12.1). Vegetation generally has a lower albedo than bare soil; forests have a lower albedo than pastures or croplands. As a result, changes in vegetation such as grassland degradation or expansion and forest loss or woody encroachment alter surface albedo. An increase in surface albedo decreases net radiation at the land surface and reduces heating of the atmospheric boundary layer as well as water vapor in the boundary layer. A positive feedback develops if these changes decrease precipitation because drier soil directly increases albedo and further reduces vegetation cover (Figure 27.1a).

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Ecological Climatology
Concepts and Applications
 , pp. 500 - 522
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Amiro, B. D., Orchansky, A. L., Barr, A. G., et al. (2006). The effect of post-fire stand age on the boreal forest energy balance. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 140, 41–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bala, G., Caldeira, K., Mirin, A., et al. (2006). Biogeophysical effects of CO2 fertilization on global climate. Tellus B, 58, 620–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldocchi, D., Kelliher, F. M., Black, T. A., and Jarvis, P. (2000). Climate and vegetation controls on boreal zone energy exchange. Global Change Biology, 6(s1), 69–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlage, M., Zeng, X., Wei, H., and Mitchell, K. E. (2005). A global 0.05° maximum albedo dataset of snow-covered land based on MODIS observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L17405, doi:10.1029/2005GL022881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, P. S. A., and Goetz, S. J. (2011). Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: Ecological variability and regional differences. Environmental Research Letters, 6, 045501, doi:10.1088/1748–9326/6/4/045501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beringer, J., Chapin, F. S., III, Thompson, C. C., and McGuire, A. D. (2005). Surface energy exchanges along a tundra–forest transition and feedbacks to climate. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 131, 143–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betts, R. A. (2000). Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo. Nature, 408, 187–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Betts, R. A., Cox, P. M., Lee, S. E., and Woodward, F. I. (1997). Contrasting physiological and structural vegetation feedbacks in climate change simulations. Nature, 387, 796–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betts, R. A., Cox, P. M., and Woodward, F. I. (2000). Simulated responses of potential vegetation to doubled-CO2 climate change and feedbacks on near-surface temperature. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 9, 171–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betts, R. A., Boucher, O., Collins, M., et al. (2007). Projected increase in continental runoff due to plant responses to increasing carbon dioxide. Nature, 448, 1037–1041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blok, D., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Schaepman-Strub, G., et al. (2010). Shrub expansion may reduce summer permafrost thaw in Siberian tundra. Global Change Biology, 16, 1296–1305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonan, G. B., and Shugart, H. H. (1989). Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonan, G. B., Pollard, D., and Thompson, S. L. (1992). Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate. Nature, 359, 716–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonan, G. B., Chapin, F. S., III, and Thompson, S. L. (1995). Boreal forest and tundra ecosystems as components of the climate system. Climatic Change, 29, 145–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonfils, C., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Braconnot, P., and Joussaume, S. (2001). Hot desert albedo and climate change: Mid-Holocene monsoon in North Africa. Journal of Climate, 14, 3724–3737.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonfils, C. J. W., Phillips, T. J., Lawrence, D. M., et al. (2012). On the influence of shrub height and expansion on northern high latitude climate. Environmental Research Letters, 7, 015503, doi:10.1088/1748–9326/7/1/015503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bounoua, L., Collatz, G. J., Sellers, P. J., et al. (1999). Interactions between vegetation and climate: Radiative and physiological effects of doubled atmospheric CO2. Journal of Climate, 12, 309–324.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braconnot, P., Joussaume, S., de Noblet, N., and Ramstein, G. (2000). Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum African monsoon changes as simulated within the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project. Global and Planetary Change, 26, 51–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., et al. (2007). Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum – Part 1: Experiments and large-scale features. Climate of the Past, 3, 261–277.Google Scholar
Bright, B. C., Hicke, J. A., and Meddens, A. J. H. (2013). Effects of bark beetle-caused tree mortality on biogeochemical and biogeophysical MODIS products. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 118, 974–982, doi:10.1002/jgrg.20078.Google Scholar
Bryson, R. A. (1966). Air masses, streamlines, and the boreal forest. Geographical Bulletin, 8, 228–269.Google Scholar
Calov, R., Ganopolski, A., Petoukhov, V., et al. (2005). Transient simulation of the last glacial inception, Part II: Sensitivity and feedback analysis. Climate Dynamics, 24, 563–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapin, F. S., III, McGuire, A. D., Randerson, J., et al. (2000). Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system. Global Change Biology, 6(s1), 211–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapin, F. S., III, Sturm, M., Serreze, M. C., et al. (2005). Role of land-surface changes in Arctic summer warming. Science, 310, 657–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Claussen, M. (1994). On coupling global biome models with climate models. Climate Research, 4, 203–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claussen, M. (1997). Modeling bio-geophysical feedback in the African and Indian monsoon region. Climate Dynamics, 13, 247–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claussen, M. (1998). On multiple solutions of the atmosphere–vegetation system in present-day climate. Global Change Biology, 4, 549–559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claussen, M. (2009). Late Quaternary vegetation– climate feedbacks. Climate of the Past, 5, 203–216.Google Scholar
Claussen, M., and Gayler, V. (1997). The greening of the Sahara during the mid-Holocene: Results of an interactive atmosphere-biome model. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 6, 369–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claussen, M., Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., Kubatzki, C., and Petoukhov, V. (1998). Modelling global terrestrial vegetation–climate interaction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 353, 53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claussen, M., Kubatzki, C., Brovkin, V., et al. (1999). Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the mid-Holocene. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 2037–2040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claussen, M., Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., Kubatzki, C., and Petoukhov, V. (2003). Climate change in northern Africa: The past is not the future. Climatic Change, 57, 99–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claussen, M., Fohlmeister, J., Ganopolski, A., and Brovkin, V. (2006). Vegetation dynamics amplifies precessional forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L09709, doi:10.1029/2006GL026111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claussen, M., Bathiany, S., Brovkin, V., and Kleinen, T. (2013). Simulated climate–vegetation interaction in semi-arid regions affected by plant diversity. Nature Geoscience, 6, 954–958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davin, E. L., and de Noblet-Ducoudré, N. (2010). Climatic impact of global-scale deforestation: Radiative versus nonradiative processes. Journal of Climate, 23, 97–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Noblet, N. I., Prentice, I. C., Joussaume, S., et al. (1996). Possible role of atmosphere–biosphere interactions in triggering the last glaciation. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 3191–3194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edburg, S. L., Hicke, J. A., Brooks, P. D., et al. (2012). Cascading impacts of bark beetle-caused tree mortality on coupled biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10, 416–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eugster, W., Rouse, W. R., Pielke, R. A., Sr., et al. (2000). Land–atmosphere energy exchange in Arctic tundra and boreal forest: Available data and feedbacks to climate. Global Change Biology, 6(s1), 84–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Euskirchen, E. S., McGuire, A. D., Chapin, F. S., III, Yi, S., and Thompson, C. C. (2009). Changes in vegetation in northern Alaska under scenarios of climate change, 2003–2100: Implications for climate feedbacks. Ecological Applications, 19, 1022–1043.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, C. G., Zhao, H., Kushner, P. J., and Fernandes, R. (2012).Using models and satellite observations to evaluate the strength of snow albedo feedback. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, D11117, doi:10.1029/2012JD017724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, J. A., Kutzbach, J. E., Coe, M. T., and Levis, S. (1994). Feedbacks between climate and boreal forests during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 371, 52–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, J. A., Coe, M. T., Scheffer, M., and Wang, G. (2003). Regime shifts in the Sahara and Sahel: Interactions between ecological and climatic systems in northern Africa. Ecosystems, 6, 524–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallimore, R. G., and Kutzbach, J. E. (1996). Role of orbitally induced changes in tundra area in the onset of glaciation. Nature, 381, 503–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, F., Schaaf, C. B., Strahler, A. H., et al. (2005). MODIS bidirectional reflectance distribution function and albedo Climate Modeling Grid products and the variability of albedo for major global vegetation types. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D01104, doi:10.1029/2004JD005190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gedney, N., Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., et al. (2006). Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records. Nature, 439, 835–838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, F. G., Betts, A. K., Frolking, S., et al. (2004). The boreal climate. In Vegetation, Water, Humans and the Climate: A New Perspective on an Interactive System, ed. Kabat, P., Claussen, M., Dirmeyer, P. A., et al. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 93–114.Google Scholar
Hoelzmann, P., Jolly, D., Harrison, S. P., et al. (1998). Mid-Holocene land-surface conditions in northern Africa and the Arabian peninsula: A data set for the analysis of biogeophysical feedbacks in the climate system. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12, 35–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, D. E., Poulsen, C. J., and Pollard, D. (2010). Influence of high-latitude vegetation feedbacks on late Palaeozoic glacial cycles. Nature Geoscience, 3, 572–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeong, J.-H., Kug, J.-S., Linderholm, H. W., et al. (2014). Intensified Arctic warming under greenhouse warming by vegetation–atmosphere–sea ice interaction. Environmental Research Letters, 9, 094007, doi:10.1088/1748–9326/9/9/094007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeong, S.-J., Ho, C.-H., Park, T.-W., Kim, J., and Levis, S. (2011). Impact of vegetation feedback on the temperature and its diurnal range over the Northern Hemisphere during summer in a 2 × CO2 climate. Climate Dynamics, 37, 821–833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jia, G. J., Epstein, H. E., and Walker, D. A. (2003). Greening of arctic Alaska, 1981–2001. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 2067, doi:10.1029/2003GL018268.Google Scholar
Jin, Y., Schaaf, C. B., Gao, F., et al. (2002). How does snow impact the albedo of vegetated land surfaces as analyzed with MODIS data?Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 1374, doi:10.1029/2001GL014132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolly, D., Prentice, I. C., Bonnefille, R., et al. (1998). Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for Africa and the Arabian peninsula at 0 and 6000 years. Journal of Biogeography, 25, 1007–1027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joussaume, S., Taylor, K. E., Braconnot, P., et al. (1999). Monsoon changes for 6000 years ago: Results of 18 simulations from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 859–862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knorr, W., and Schnitzler, K.-G. (2006). Enhanced albedo feedback in North Africa from possible combined vegetation and soil-formation processes. Climate Dynamics, 26, 55–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs, J. S., and Barry, R. G. (1970). The Arctic front and the tundra–taiga boundary in Eurasia. Geographical Review, 60, 548–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubatzki, C., and Claussen, M. (1998). Simulation of the global bio-geophysical interactions during the Last Glacial Maximum. Climate Dynamics, 14, 461–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubatzki, C., Claussen, M., Calov, R., and Ganopolski, A. (2006). Sensitivity of the last glacial inception to initial and surface conditions. Climate Dynamics, 27, 333–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kucharski, F., Zeng, N., and Kalnay, E. (2013). A further assessment of vegetation feedback on decadal Sahel rainfall variability. Climate Dynamics, 40, 1453–1466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurz, W. A., Dymond, C. C., Stinson, G., et al. (2008). Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature, 452, 987–990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutzbach, J., Bonan, G., Foley, J., and Harrison, S. P. (1996). Vegetation and soil feedbacks on the response of the African monsoon to orbital forcing in the early to middle Holocene. Nature, 384, 623–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, J. A. (1980). The Boreal Ecosystem. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lawrence, D. M., and Swenson, S. C. (2011). Permafrost response to increasing Arctic shrub abundance depends on the relative influence of shrubs on local soil cooling versus large-scale climate warming. Environmental Research Letters, 6, 045504, doi:10.1088/1748–9326/6/4/045504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, P. J., Feddema, J. J., Bonan, G. B., et al. (2012). Simulating the biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts of transient land cover change and wood harvest in the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100. Journal of Climate, 25, 3071–3095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levis, S., Foley, J. A., and Pollard, D. (1999). CO2, climate, and vegetation feedbacks at the Last Glacial Maximum. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104D, 31191–31198.Google Scholar
Levis, S., Foley, J. A., and Pollard, D. (2000). Large-scale vegetation feedbacks on a doubled CO2 climate. Journal of Climate, 13, 1313–1325.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levis, S., Bonan, G. B., and Bonfils, C. (2004). Soil feedback drives the mid-Holocene North African monsoon northward in fully coupled CCSM2 simulations with a dynamic vegetation model. Climate Dynamics, 23, 791–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liess, S., Snyder, P. K., and Harding, K. J. (2012). The effects of boreal forest expansion on the summer Arctic frontal zone. Climate Dynamics, 38, 1805–1827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liston, G. E., McFadden, J. P., Sturm, M., and Pielke, R. A., Sr. (2002). Modelled changes in arctic tundra snow, energy and moisture fluxes due to increased shrubs. Global Change Biology, 8, 17–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H., and Randerson, J. T. (2008). Interannual variability of surface energy exchange depends on stand age in a boreal forest fire chronosequence. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, G01006, doi:10.1029/2007JG000483.Google Scholar
Liu, H., Randerson, J. T., Lindfors, J., and Chapin, F. S., III (2005). Changes in the surface energy budget after fire in boreal ecosystems of interior Alaska: An annual perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D13101, doi:10.1029/2004JD005158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loranty, M. M., Goetz, S. J., and Beck, P. S. A. (2011). Tundra vegetation effects on pan-Arctic albedo. Environmental Research Letters, 6, 024014, doi:10.1088/1748–9326/6/2/029601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loranty, M. M., Berner, L. T., Goetz, S. J., Jin, Y., and Randerson, J. T. (2014). Vegetation controls on northern high latitude snow-albedo feedback: Observations and CMIP5 model simulations. Global Change Biology, 20, 594–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, A. H., Slater, A. G., and Serreze, M. (2001). The Alaskan Arctic frontal zone: Forcing by orography, coastal contrast, and the boreal forest. Journal of Climate, 14, 4351–4362.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maness, H., Kushner, P. J., and Fung, I. (2013). Summertime climate response to mountain pine beetle disturbance in British Columbia. Nature Geoscience, 6, 65–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, H. D., Weaver, A. J., Meissner, K. J., Gillett, N. P., and Eby, M. (2004). Natural and anthropogenic climate change: Incorporating historical land cover change, vegetation dynamics and the global carbon cycle. Climate Dynamics, 22, 461–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meissner, K. J., Weaver, A. J., Matthews, H. D., and Cox, P. M. (2003). The role of land surface dynamics in glacial inception: A study with the UVic Earth System Model. Climate Dynamics, 21, 515–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Halloran, T. L., Law, B. E., Goulden, M. L., et al. (2012). Radiative forcing of natural forest disturbances. Global Change Biology, 18, 555–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'ishi, R., and Abe-Ouchi, A. (2009). Influence of dynamic vegetation on climate change arising from increasing CO2. Climate Dynamics, 33, 645–663.Google Scholar
O'ishi, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Prentice, I. C., and Sitch, S. (2009).Vegetation dynamics and plant CO2 responses as positive feedbacks in a greenhouse world. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L11706, doi:10.1029/2009GL038217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otto-Bliesner, B. L., and Upchurch, G. R., Jr. (1997). Vegetation-induced warming of high-latitude regions during the Late Cretaceous period. Nature, 385, 804–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, R. G., Phillips, S. J., Loranty, M. M., et al. (2013). Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 3, 673–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piao, S., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., et al. (2007). Changes in climate and land use have a larger direct impact than rising CO2 on global river runoff trends. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 15242–15247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pielke, R. A., and Vidale, P. L. (1995). The boreal forest and the polar front. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100D, 25755–25758.Google Scholar
Pitman, A. J. (2003). The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed for climate models. International Journal of Climatology, 23, 479–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Port, U., Brovkin, V., and Claussen, M. (2012). The influence of vegetation dynamics on anthropogenic climate change. Earth System Dynamics, 3, 233–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, E., Bhatt, U. S., Bitz, C. M., et al. (2013). Ecological consequences of sea-ice decline. Science, 341, 519–524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prentice, I. C., Jolly, D., and BIOME6000 (2000). Mid-Holocene and glacial-maximum vegetation geography of the northern continents and Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 507–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qu, X., and Hall, A. (2007). What controls the strength of snow–albedo feedback?Journal of Climate, 20, 3971–3981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randerson, J. T., Liu, H., Flanner, M. G., et al. (2006). The impact of boreal forest fire on climate warming. Science, 314, 1130–1132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, D. A., and Kukla, G. (1985). Maximum surface albedo of seasonally snow-covered lands in the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 24, 402–411.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, B. M., Randerson, J. T., and Bonan, G. B. (2013). High-latitude cooling associated with landscape changes from North American boreal forest fires. Biogeosciences, 10, 699–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuur, E. A. G., Bockheim, J., Canadell, J. G., et al. (2008). Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change: Implications for the global carbon cycle. BioScience, 58, 701–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuur, E. A. G., Abbott, B. W., Bowden, W. B., et al. (2013). Expert assessment of vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change. Climatic Change, 119, 359–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellers, P. J., Bounoua, L., Collatz, G. J., et al. (1996). Comparison of radiative and physiological effects of doubled atmospheric CO2 on climate. Science, 271, 1402–1406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shugart, H. H., Leemans, R., and Bonan, G. B. (1992). A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, P. K., and Liess, S. (2014). The simulated atmospheric response to expansion of the Arctic boreal forest biome. Climate Dynamics, 42, 487–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, P. K., Delire, C., and Foley, J. A. (2004). Evaluating the influence of different vegetation biomes on the global climate. Climate Dynamics, 23, 279–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Street-Perrott, F. A., and Perrott, R. A. (1993). Holocene vegetation, lake levels, and climate of Africa. In Global Climates since the Last Glacial Maximum, ed. Wright, H. E., Jr., Kutzbach, J. E., Webb, T., III, et al. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 318–356.Google Scholar
Strengers, B. J., Müller, C., Schaeffer, M., et al. (2010). Assessing 20th century climate–vegetation feedbacks of land-use change and natural vegetation dynamics in a fully coupled vegetation–climate model. International Journal of Climatology, 30, 2055–2065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturm, M., McFadden, J. P., Liston, G. E., et al. (2001). Snow–shrub interactions in Arctic tundra: A hypothesis with climatic implications. Journal of Climate, 14, 336–334.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturm, M., Douglas, T., Racine, C., and Liston, G. E. (2005a). Changing snow and shrub conditions affect albedo with global implications. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, G01004, doi:10.1029/2005JG000013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturm, M., Schimel, J., Michaelson, G., et al. (2005b). Winter biological processes could help convert arctic tundra to shrubland. BioScience, 55, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swann, A. L., Fung, I. Y., Levis, S., Bonan, G. B., and Doney, S. C. (2010). Changes in Arctic vegetation amplify high-latitude warming through the greenhouse effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107, 1295–1300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, A. L. S., Fung, I. Y., Liu, Y., and Chiang, J. C. H. (2014). Remote vegetation feedbacks and the mid-Holocene green Sahara. Journal of Climate, 27, 4857–4870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tape, K., Sturm, M., and Racine, C. (2006). The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Global Change Biology, 12, 686–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, G., and Rowntree, P. R. (1992). The boreal forests and climate. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 118, 469–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderhoof, M., Williams, C. A., Ghimire, B., and Rogan, J. (2013). Impact of mountain pine beetle outbreaks on forest albedo and radiative forcing, as derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Rocky Mountains, USA. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 118, 1461–1471, doi:10.1002/jgrg.20120.Google Scholar
Vanderhoof, M., Williams, C. A., Shuai, Y., et al. (2014). Albedo-induced radiative forcing from mountain pine beetle outbreaks in forests, south-central Rocky Mountains: Magnitude, persistence, and relation to outbreak severity. Biogeosciences, 11, 563–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G., and Eltahir, E. A. B. (2000a). Biosphere–atmosphere interactions over West Africa, II: Multiple climate equilibria. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 126, 1261–1280.Google Scholar
Wang, G., and Eltahir, E. A. B. (2000b). Ecosystem dynamics and the Sahel drought. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 795–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G., and Eltahir, E. A. B. (2000c). Role of vegetation dynamics in enhancing the low-frequency variability of the Sahel rainfall. Water Resources Research, 36, 1013–1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G., Eltahir, E. A. B., Foley, J. A., Pollard, D., and Levis, S. (2004). Decadal variability of rainfall in the Sahel: Results from the coupled GENESIS–IBIS atmosphere–biosphere model. Climate Dynamics, 22, 625–637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, A. J., and Lovelock, J. E. (1983). Biological homeostasis of the global environment: The parable of Daisyworld. Tellus B, 35, 284–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, A. J., Ackland, G. J., Dyke, J. G., Williams, H. T. P., and Lenton, T. M. (2008). Daisyworld: A review. Reviews of Geophysics, 46, RG1001, doi:10.1029/2006RG000217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, L., Myneni, R. B., Chapin, F. S., III, et al. (2013). Temperature and vegetation seasonality diminishment over northern lands. Nature Climate Change, 3, 581–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeng, N., Neelin, J. D., Lau, K.-M., and Tucker, C. J. (1999). Enhancement of interdecadal climate variability in the Sahel by vegetation interaction. Science, 286, 1537–1540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×