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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 February 2015
Rawls’s “peoples” are artificial corporate moral persons or group agents (LP 23–30). They are “well-ordered,” which means the members of a people govern themselves politically through a public conception of justice (LP 4, 19, 64–67). A liberal people governs itself through a liberal political conception of justice, which assigns basic rights, liberties, and opportunities to all individuals, gives these rights, liberties, and opportunities special priority over perfectionist claims or claims of the general good, and guarantees for all citizens the primary goods necessary for effective use of their freedoms (LP 14).There are many liberal conceptions, since the ideas at their core – citizens as free and equal persons who form a society that is a fair scheme of cooperation – can be interpreted in different ways (LP 11, 14). Rawls’s generic liberalism is fleshed out in particular cases through actual democratic processes. The United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany are all examples of liberal peoples, despite their political differences (e.g. presidential versus parliamentary government, different taxation and redistribution schemes, France’s ban on burqas, Germany’s ban on Holocaust denial).
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