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18 - Worldwide decline and extinction of amphibians

from Part V - Effects Due to Invading Species, Habitat Loss and Climate Change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2013

By
Harold Heatwole
Edited by
Klaus Rohde
Klaus Rohde
Affiliation:
University of New England, Australia
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Summary

Amphibians constitute the most threatened major taxon on Earth today. Their dependence on cutaneous respiration necessitates a thin, moist, permeable skin that makes them vulnerable to desiccation, toxic chemicals, endocrine disruptors and changes in their physical environment. The seasonal migration of many species between terrestrial habitats and aquatic breeding sites exposes them to hazards such as increased risk of predation, traversing of inhospitable habitats and automobile traffic. Invasive species and destruction and fragmentation of habitat are implicated in some declines and humans collect amphibians for food, pets, research and medicines. Although amphibians cutaneously secrete a wide variety of antibiotics (Erspamer, 1994), they are susceptible to some viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections. Thus, the alarming rate of decline and extinction of amphibians globally is not caused by a single agent (Halliday, 2005), but by a suite of them that vary geographically (Stuart et al., 2010), and interact with each other. Changes in global climate have exacted a toll on amphibians already and are projected to be increasingly severe in the future. The present chapter reviews the causes of global decline and extinction of amphibians around the world. The reasons vary from one place to another.

History of amphibian decline

Following a growing, but mainly anecdotally based, awareness among herpetologists during the 1970s and 1980s that many amphibian populations were declining, special sessions to discuss the phenomenon began to be held at meetings of scientific societies, notably one by the United States Academy of Sciences in February 1990 that concluded that declines should be treated as a possible emergency and that recommended a body be established to determine the extent of the problem. The resulting agency was the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force (DAPTF), set up in December 1990 under the umbrella of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is now the IUCN/SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG).

Type
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The Balance of Nature and Human Impact , pp. 259 - 278
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

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