The late Middle Ages had seen the triumph of the English language over French in England, and the establishment once more of a standard form of written English. This did not mean, however, that English was now entirely without a rival: Latin still had great prestige as the language of international learning, and it was a long time before English replaced it in all fields. Under the influence of the humanists, the grammar-school syllabus was centred on classical Latin from the early sixteenth century onwards: pupils learned the Latin language, and studied Latin literature, history, and rhetoric. In the universities, Latin was the medium of instruction. Even the natural scientists, the proponents of the New Philosophy, often wrote in Latin. The philosopher of the new science, Francis Bacon, wrote his Advancement of Learning (1605) in English, but the book that he intended as his major contribution to scientific method, the Novum Organum (1620), was in Latin. And the three greatest scientific works published by Englishmen between 1600 and 1700 were all in Latin: Gilbert's book on magnetism (1600), Harvey's on the circulation of the blood (1628), and Newton's Principia (1689), which propounded the theory of gravitation and the laws of motion. Even in Newton's time, however, Latin was falling into disuse, and his Opticks (1704) was in English.

English versus Latin

In the defeat of Latin and the final establishment of English as the sole literary medium in England, a considerable part was played by the religious disputes that raged from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century.