To save content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about saving content to .
To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
An important goal of environmental research is to inform policy and decision making. However, environmental experts working at the interface between science, policy and society face complex challenges, including how to identify sources of disagreement over environmental issues, communicate uncertainties and limitations of knowledge, and tackle controversial topics such as genetic modification and the use of biofuels. This book discusses the problems environmental experts encounter in the interaction between knowledge, society, and policy on both a practical and conceptual level. Key findings from social science research are illustrated with a range of case studies, from fisheries to fracking. The book offers guidance on how to tackle these challenges, equipping readers with tools to better understand the diversity of environmental knowledge and its role in complex environmental issues. Written by leading natural and social scientists, this text provides an essential resource for students, scientists and professionals working at the science-policy interface.
The case of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is a detailed example of an expert who stepped out of an arbiter or honest broker role and took on a more engaged and critical stance. The arbiter no longer found the terms of advice acceptable and felt the need to question the assumptions in the assessment of carbon capture and storage as a means to mitigate climate change. In her eyes, the CCS experts were turning into issue advocates, pushing their preferred solution. In the Netherlands, the issue came to a head in the media over a plan to store CO2 deep underground in Barendrecht, a village near the Dutch city of Rotterdam.
To effectively address the multidimensional character of environmental issues, there is a strong call to provide an integrated and interdisciplinary perspective that combines not just natural science, but also social science knowledge. In this chapter, we will introduce a number of common methods or approaches to knowledge integration including scenario analysis and (integrated assessment) modelling, cost–benefit analysis, multi-criteria analysis and conceptual frameworks, and critically reflect on their strengths as well as limitations. We conclude the article by discussing how knowledge integration can safeguard the diversity of types of knowledge. This chapter is complemented with cases about the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and long-range transboundary air pollution modelling.
Of particular importance for leaf energy fluxes is that leaf temperature, transpiration, and photosynthesis are linked through stomatal conductance. Current representations of these processes in terrestrial biosphere models recognize that the biophysics of stomatal conductance is understood in relation to the biochemistry of photosynthesis. Stomata act to balance the need for photosynthetic carbon dioxide uptake while limiting water loss during transpiration. Consequently, an accurate depiction of photosynthesis is required to determine the stomatal conductance needed for transpiration and leaf temperature. This chapter develops the physiological theory and mathematical equations to describe stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration, and their interdependencies. Four main types of models are empirical multiplicative models; semiempirical models that relate stomatal conductance and photosynthesis; water-use efficiency optimization models; and plant hydraulic models.