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2285 results in Ebooks in ecology and environment

Page 28 of 115

  • 7 - Surface Energy Fluxes

  • Gordon Bonan, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book:
    Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling
    Published online:
    08 February 2019
    Print publication:
    21 February 2019, pp 101-114

  • Summary

    Surface temperature is the temperature that balances net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, soil heat flux, and storage of heat in biomass. This chapter develops the theory and mathematical expressions to model the surface energy balance and surface temperature. The surface energy balance is a non-linear equation that must be solved for surface temperature using numerical methods. A more complex solution couples the surface energy balance with a model of soil temperature and a bucket model of soil hydrology. The Penman–Monteith equation is a linearization of the surface energy balance.

  • Case G - Integrated Assessment for Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

  • Esther Turnhout, Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands, Willemijn Tuinstra, Open Universiteit, Willem Halffman, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
  • Book:
    Environmental Expertise
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    21 February 2019, pp 176-183

  • Summary

    This case on activities under the Convention On Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) is an illustration of a simultaneous process of integrating knowledge and ‘integrating science and policy’. It shows how during the processes of data collection and negotiation, scientists and policy makers together frame a problem, determine what aspects are important and define relevant and workable indicators. The use of the RAINS model offers an example of a model used as a common framework for integration. The case shows that the logic of integration that was used led to an expanding network of people, issues, and tools. At the same time it shows that there is a limit to comprehensiveness.

  • 4 - Science, Politics, and the Public in Knowledge Controversies

  • Esther Turnhout, Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands, Willemijn Tuinstra, Open Universiteit, Willem Halffman, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
  • Book:
    Environmental Expertise
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    21 February 2019, pp 68-81

  • Summary

    Controversies are an inevitable part of current science–policy–society relations. Getting people to agree on the facts of nature and environment is never a smooth and easy process, particularly when there are high stakes and interests involved. In this chapter, we discuss what forms of reasoning underlie controversies, the extent to which controversies are never only about facts or knowledge but also, simultaneously, about policy and society, and how they are settled in practice. We use the example of controversies to illustrate some general patterns in science–policy–society relations, including the linear model and the information deficit model. We conclude the chapter by drawing attention to the importance of trust. This chapter is complemented with cases about climate change and the IPCC and public resistance against hydraulic fracturing or fracking

  • 3 - Frames: Beyond Facts Versus Values

  • Esther Turnhout, Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands, Willemijn Tuinstra, Open Universiteit, Willem Halffman, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
  • Book:
    Environmental Expertise
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    21 February 2019, pp 36-57

  • Summary

    Frames identify what is at stake in a problem or situation, indicating to what broader category it belongs, and thereby pointing out which facts are relevant. The chapter explains how framing is involved in misunderstanding or disagreement in environmental controversies. It provides conceptual handles to recognise frames in the language of environmental science or policy, by identifying what is included and excluded, by identifying metaphors or comparisons, or by articulating storylines. Frames can also become institutionalised, embedded in organisational practices, regulations, or even material devices. This makes them harder to identify. As frames clash or run into trouble, they get modified, which provides opportunities for social learning about fundamental assumptions or understandings of an issue. By making frames explicit, they become available for more open reflection, which may in some cases lead to reframing: new interpretations that can help deadlocked debates or question problematic assumptions.

  • Case B - What Does ‘Climategate’ Tell Us About Public Knowledge Controversies

  • Esther Turnhout, Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands, Willemijn Tuinstra, Open Universiteit, Willem Halffman, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
  • Book:
    Environmental Expertise
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    21 February 2019, pp 82-89

  • Summary

    Climate change is one of the more public current knowledge controversies in the environmental domain. Part of the controversy revolves around the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), which has as its mandate to assess the current state of knowledge about the state and causes of climate change. This case documents a particular episode in the history of the IPCC where it faced considerable scrutiny about its ways of working. The case illustrates the role of the linear model in these controversies and the role of politics.

  • 2 - What Is Science? (And Why Does This Matter?)

  • Esther Turnhout, Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands, Willemijn Tuinstra, Open Universiteit, Willem Halffman, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
  • Book:
    Environmental Expertise
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    21 February 2019, pp 11-35

  • Summary

    The question of which knowledge may count as science (and which not) has considerable consequences for how we make public decisions. However, both philosophers and sociologists of science have so far not come up with some gold standard to determine which forms of knowledge can rightfully claim the cognitive authority of science. Rather, social studies of science point to the diversity of the sciences, a family of practices that operate with different styles and sometimes even in competition. This does not deny the enormous value of the sciences, but it does indicate that there is no simple way to establish an absolute criterion for a scientific truth that is universally superior.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Esther Turnhout, Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands, Willemijn Tuinstra, Open Universiteit, Willem Halffman, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
  • Book:
    Environmental Expertise
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    21 February 2019, pp 1-10

  • Summary

    This is a book about how environmental knowledge is used in policy and about how it is transformed to be useful for public problem solving. It is also about how such processes sometimes fail, or are based on misguided conceptions of science, of policy, or of public concerns about environmental matters. We will describe the problems environmental professionals encounter in the interaction between knowledge, policy, and society, on a practical, but also on a deeper, conceptual level. To do so, this book builds on the knowledge and experience of both social and natural scientists and tries to combine these insights, without reducing them to the lowest common denominator. This first chapter explains why and how the book addresses these issues.

  • 6 - Turbulent Fluxes and Scalar Profiles in the Surface Layer

  • Gordon Bonan, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book:
    Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling
    Published online:
    08 February 2019
    Print publication:
    21 February 2019, pp 80-100

  • Summary

    Monin-Obukhov similarity theory provides mathematical expressions for the momentum, sensible heat, and evaporation fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere, the corresponding vertical profiles of wind speed, temperature, and water vapor, and the aerodynamic conductances that regulate surface fluxes. Above rough plant canopies, however, these fluxes and profiles deviate from Monin-Obukhov similarity theory due to the presence of the roughness sublayer. This chapter develops the meteorological theory and mathematical expressions to model turbulent fluxes and scalar profiles in the surface layer of the atmosphere.

  • Case F - Knowledge Integration in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

  • Esther Turnhout, Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands, Willemijn Tuinstra, Open Universiteit, Willem Halffman, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
  • Book:
    Environmental Expertise
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    21 February 2019, pp 165-175

  • Summary

    The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an example of an integrated assessment study. The study is well known because of its use of the now-common, but also contested concept of Ecosystem Services. The case illustrates the advantages and challenging of integrating different forms of knowledge, including natural sciences, social sciences, and indigenous and local knowledge, using a conceptual framework; it also illustrates the barriers to and political implications of knowledge integration.

  • 6 - Usable Knowledge

  • Esther Turnhout, Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands, Willemijn Tuinstra, Open Universiteit, Willem Halffman, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
  • Book:
    Environmental Expertise
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    21 February 2019, pp 126-140

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the issue of ‘usable knowledge‘. Specifically, it looks at the relation of science to decision making: governments, civil servants, or groups of actors deliberating over collective problems, goals and solutions, and how these should be achieved. A key question that is often asked is how the sciences can best contribute to policy making: with what kinds of attitude or principles, in what kinds of organisations, with what kinds of communication tools? The chapter introduces concepts to characterise and analyse strategies of connecting science and policy. It addresses institutional as well as problem-oriented attempts to connect knowledge production and use. What kinds of arrangements lead to ‘usable knowledge’, or, alternatively phrased, to knowledge that is ‘effective’ or has ‘impact’? And, finally, can we still sensibly figure out some sort of criteria to evaluate the usability and quality of knowledge and of the knowledge production processes?

Page 28 of 115