Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  1. Home
  2. Publications
  3. Books
  4. Ebooks in petroleum sciences

Refine listing

Refine listing

Access:
Content type:
Publication date:
Apply   From and To filters
Subject: Show more
Journals Show more
Publishers: Show more
Societies Show more
Series: Show more
Collections: Show more

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

1211 results in Ebooks in petroleum sciences

Page 13 of 61

  • Foreword

  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Harro van Asselt, Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Book:
    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
    Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp xv-xviii
    • Chapter
      • You have access
      • Open access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation

  • 17 - Conclusions and Ways Forward

  • from Part V - Synthesis and Conclusions
  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Harro van Asselt, Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Book:
    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
    Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 305-318
    • Chapter
      • You have access
      • Open access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the main findings emerging from the book. Firstly, we synthesise the findings concerning the politics of fossil fuel subsidies and their reform at the international and domestic levels respectively. Whereas ideational factors and individual actors have been important in promoting fossil fuel subsidy reform on both levels, vested interests and structural factors have been important in hindering such reform on the domestic level. Second, the chapter turns to the core puzzle inspiring this book: given the consensus on the benefits of reform and the high-level commitments made, why do we see so little concerted action to address fossil fuel subsidies? The findings point to the lack of a common definition of fossil fuel subsidies, the global fossil fuel regime, as well as the differences between the two levels in terms of the framings of fossil fuel subsidies, the role of vested interests and the importance of the timing of reform. Finally, we call for more research on the role of definitions and framings of fossil fuel subsidies, and on the influence of international institutions on domestic subsidy reform, as well as more comparative research.

  • 7 - Fossil Fuel Subsidies and the Global Trade Regime

  • from Part III - The International Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform
  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Harro van Asselt, Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Book:
    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
    Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 121-139
    • Chapter
      • You have access
      • Open access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation

  • Summary

    The World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures has for more than two decades disciplined the use of trade-distorting subsidies. Yet these rules have been largely overlooked in discussions about fossil-fuel subsidy reform. WTO rules provide a clear set of guidance on what constitutes a subsidy, as well as mechanisms for WTO members to challenge other members’ subsidies. The dearth of official WTO disputes involving fossil-fuel subsidies is therefore puzzling. This chapter discusses the current and potential contribution of the trade regime to the identification and reform of fossil-fuel subsidies. It analyses in particular the extent to which fossil-fuel subsidies intersect with existing trade rules. It then offers thoughts on why fossil-fuel subsidies have not been challenged yet through dispute-settlement or even unilateral trade remedies. Last, it discusses ways in which other, more informal international processes are attempting to bring about the reform of fossil fuel subsidies.

  • 8 - Fossil Fuel Subsidies and the Global Climate Regime

  • from Part III - The International Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform
  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Harro van Asselt, Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Book:
    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
    Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 140-155
    • Chapter
      • You have access
      • Open access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation

  • Summary

    This chapter explores how the global climate regime established by the UNFCCC has governed, and could govern, fossil fuel subsidies. It begins by reviewing the literature documenting the relationship between fossil fuel subsidy (reform) and climate change (mitigation), which reveals not only that there is increasing evidence of the impacts of fossil fuel subsidies on greenhouse gas emissions, but also that efforts to reform subsidies can yield important climate change mitigation benefits. The chapter then moves on to discuss how parties to the UNFCCC have by and large sought to avoid addressing fossil fuel subsidies directly, notwithstanding efforts by some parties. Although this could lead one to conclude that the global climate regime has had no discernible influence on fossil fuel subsidy reform at the national level, the chapter moves on to discuss the various ways in which the UNFCCC can exert influence on fossil fuel subsidy reform in the future.

  • Part II - The Scope of the Challenge

  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Harro van Asselt, Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Book:
    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
    Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 21-80
    • Chapter
      • You have access
      • Open access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation

  • Figures, Tables and Box

  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Harro van Asselt, Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Book:
    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
    Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp ix-x
    • Chapter
      • You have access
      • Open access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation

  • Part V - Synthesis and Conclusions

  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Harro van Asselt, Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Book:
    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
    Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 303-318
    • Chapter
      • You have access
      • Open access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation

  • 9 - Anatomy of an International Norm Entrepreneur

  • from Part III - The International Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform
  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Harro van Asselt, Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Book:
    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
    Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 156-172
    • Chapter
      • You have access
      • Open access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation

  • Summary

    This chapter subjects the background, approach and strategies of the coalition of nine non-G20 countries known as the ‘Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform’ to scrutiny. Drawing on constructivistframeworks for analysing international norm development, the analysis focuses on three aspects of the norm emergence cycle: framing of fossil fuel subsidies and fossil fuel subsidy reform; securing of support of state and non-state actors; and strategic use of expertise and information to influence behaviour of other states. It is concluded that despite procedural advances at the international level which can be fairly linked to the activities of the FFFSR, considerable work remains before any credible claim could be made for the maturing of an emergent norm for the disciplining of fossil fuel subsidies. Important elements of ongoing subsidy reform policy development include: a clearer understanding of the term "inefficient"; and meaningful responses to concerns over the prioritisation of the elimination of fossil fuel consumption subsidies in developing countries over the need to address and curb ongoing generous subsidisation of fossil fuel production within developed countries.

  • Index

  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Harro van Asselt, Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Book:
    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
    Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 319-324
    • Chapter
      • You have access
      • Open access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation

  • 4 - The Political Economy of Incumbency

  • from Part II - The Scope of the Challenge
  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Harro van Asselt, Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Book:
    The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
    Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 66-80
    • Chapter
      • You have access
      • Open access
    • PDF
    • HTML
    • Export citation

  • Summary

    This chapter situates the contemporary policy and academic debate about the politics of fossil fuel subsidies and their reform within a wider historical and material context. Fossil fuel subsidy reform represents a prerequisite for any serious attempt to dismantle the fossil fuel economy. Yet it is ultimately just one of a series of political moves and interventions in a hotly contested political terrain over energy futures; a space dominated by some of the most powerful governments and corporations in the world, but increasingly also occupied by new social movements. Understanding this terrain and locating fossil fuel subsidy reform as one site in the broader politics of decarbonisation helps to provide a clearer sense of what reform initiatives are up against, but also where they might drive and ride on the back of other waves of reform eroding the bedrock of fossil fuel power that has held such sway over the global economy over the last century.

The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and their Reform
  • Edited by Jakob Skovgaard, Harro van Asselt
  • Published online:
    20 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018
  • Fossil fuel subsidies strain public budgets, and contribute to climate change and local air pollution. Despite widespread agreement among experts about the benefits of reforming fossil fuel subsidies, repeated international commitments to eliminate them, and valiant efforts by some countries to reform them, they continue to persist. This book helps explain this conundrum, by exploring the politics of fossil fuel subsidies and their reform. Bringing together scholars and practitioners, the book offers new case studies both from countries that have undertaken subsidy reform, and those that have yet to do so. It explores the roles of various intergovernmental and non-governmental institutions in promoting fossil fuel subsidy reform at the international level, as well as conceptual aspects of fossil fuel subsidies. This is essential reading for researchers and practitioners, and students of political science, international relations, law, public policy, and environmental studies. This title is also available as Open Access.

Passive Seismic Monitoring of Induced Seismicity
  • Fundamental Principles and Application to Energy Technologies
  • David W. Eaton
  • Published online:
    07 June 2018
    Print publication:
    26 April 2018
  • The past few decades have witnessed remarkable growth in the application of passive seismic monitoring to address a range of problems in geoscience and engineering, from large-scale tectonic studies to environmental investigations. Passive seismic methods are increasingly being used for surveillance of massive, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing and development of enhanced geothermal systems. The theoretical framework and techniques used in this emerging area draw on various established fields, such as earthquake seismology, exploration geophysics and rock mechanics. Based on university and industry courses developed by the author, this book reviews all the relevant research and technology to provide an introduction to the principles and applications of passive seismic monitoring. It integrates up-to-date case studies and interactive online exercises, making it a comprehensive and accessible resource for advanced students and researchers in geophysics and engineering, as well as industry practitioners.

  • Appendix A - Glossary

  • David W. Eaton, University of Calgary
  • Book:
    Passive Seismic Monitoring of Induced Seismicity
    Published online:
    07 June 2018
    Print publication:
    26 April 2018, pp 281-291

  • Summary

    Passive seismic monitoring of induced seismicity is a highly interdisciplinary field, combining aspects of seismology, continuum mechanics, fracture mechanics, geomechanics, structural geology, reservoir engineering and many other disciplines. Consequently, unfamiliar terminology can be a significant barrier to understanding. This glossary provides a concise explanation for some of the terms used in this book.

    Acoustic medium: A medium in which shear waves are not considered or do not propagate, such as liquids or gases (Sheriff, 1991). Imaging methods used in exploration seismology commonly invoke an acoustic approximation and thus consider only P -wave propagation.

    Aftershock: Earthquakes that follow the largest shock of an earthquake sequence. They are smaller than the mainshock and located within 1–2 rupture lengths distance from the mainshock. Aftershocks can continue over a period of weeks, months or years. In general, the larger the mainshock, the larger and more numerous the aftershocks, and the longer they will continue (USGS, 2017).

    Anisotropy: Variation of one or more physical properties of a homogeneous material with the direction of measurement (Winterstein, 1990). A common form is transverse isotropy (TI), which is characteristic of shale, thinly bedded media and media with a single set of cracks; TI media have an infinite-fold axis of rotation (symmetry axis) and an infinite set of twofold axes of rotation in the perpendicular plane. The symmetry axis may be vertical (VTI), horizontal (HTI) or tilted (TTI). Another common form is orthorhombic, which has three mutually perpendicular symmetry axes and can arise from two sets of cracks, or a single set of vertical cracks in a layered medium (Figure 1.7). TI media are described by five independent elastic parameters, while orthorhombic media require nine independent parameters.

    Anomalous seismicity: Seismicity that would not normally occur when performing an operation such as hydraulic fracturing (CAPP, 2017).

    Asperity: In a literal sense, asperity means “roughness” (IRIS, 2017). An area on a fault this is stuck or locked.

    b value: The slope of the magnitude-frequency distribution for the Gutenberg–Richter relation, which describes the relative size distribution of earthquakes. Most earthquake fault systems have a b value close to unity, implying that for each unit increase in magnitude there are ten times fewer earthquakes.

  • 6 - Downhole Microseismic Processing

  • from Part II - Applications of Passive Seismic Monitoring
  • David W. Eaton, University of Calgary
  • Book:
    Passive Seismic Monitoring of Induced Seismicity
    Published online:
    07 June 2018
    Print publication:
    26 April 2018, pp 158-189

  • Summary

    We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.

    Aristotle, paraphrased by Durant (The Story of Philosophy, 1926)

    Downhole microseismic data are distinct from surface and near-surface recordings inasmuch as the sensors are generally installed in relatively close proximity to the treatment zone. This characteristic is both a help and a hindrance. The close proximity to the source region, coupled with the avoidance of highly attenuating near-surface layers, typically results in high-fidelity waveforms from events that might otherwise be undetectable; but, the constraints imposed by limited availability of deep, nearby wellbores means that the acquisition geometry is rarely close to ideal. In many cases, an expedient but sub-optimal configuration is employed with a single vertical observation well; it then becomes a matter of doing more with less.

    Determining hypocentre locations using downhole microseismic data involves phase picking and quality control (QC) of P and S arrivals, estimation of hypocentral distance using the picked arrival times, and estimation of backazimuth based on waveform polarization. If more than one observation well is available, there are additional requirements for correlating observations between different wells (Warpinski et al., 2005a). While the need to pick P and S arrivals is shared by hypocentre location methods used for local or regional seismograph networks, there are important differences. For the most part, seismograph networks are deployed at the surface and sample a substantially greater aperture of the focal sphere. The techniques used for downhole microseismic are thus more akin to the seldom-used method of hypocentre location with a single seismograph station (Roberts et al., 1989; Farahbod et al., 2015b).

    The goal of microseismic data processing is to transform continuous wavefield observations into precise and accurate estimates of event locations, magnitudes and other source characteristics. Figure 6.1 shows a simplified flow chart for the processing of downhole microseismic data after the monitoring program is complete. The basic processing sequence consists of two parallel workflows:

  • • a primary workflow, in which the waveform data are processed to produce an event catalogue;

  • • a secondary workflow that is used for estimation of sensor orientations, as well as construction and validation of a calibrated background model.

  • 9 - Induced Seismicity

  • from Part II - Applications of Passive Seismic Monitoring
  • David W. Eaton, University of Calgary
  • Book:
    Passive Seismic Monitoring of Induced Seismicity
    Published online:
    07 June 2018
    Print publication:
    26 April 2018, pp 241-280

  • Summary

    Logarithmic plots are a device of the devil.

    Charles F. Richter (Earthquake Information Bulletin, 1980)

    The term induced seismicity, as used in this book, refers to earthquakes or other seismic events that have a clear anthropogenic association. Human activities with the potential to produce appreciable seismic activity include: underground mining (Gibowicz and Kijko, 1994) and construction of tunnels (Husen et al., 2013); impoundment of surface water reservoirs (Simpson et al., 1988); development of engineered geothermal systems (Breede et al., 2013); detonation of underground explosions (Massé, 1981); and, subsurface fluid injection or withdrawal (National Research Council, 2013). Among these different causal mechanisms for induced seismicity, this chapter focuses on injection-induced seismicity from energy technologies, including deep-subsurface saltwater disposal (SWD), hydraulic fracturing (HF) of low-permeability unconventional reservoirs and engineered (or enhanced) geothermal systems (EGS). These three causal mechanisms of induced seismicity occur in different settings and arise from distinct industrial applications, yet they share broadly similar underlying physical mechanisms.

    The material in this chapter builds upon previous sections of the book, especially the fundamental theory discussed in the first four chapters. The chapter begins with a review of basic concepts, commencing with definitions for a few key terms. Pioneering work on injection-induced seismicity is then considered, which frames our current understanding of this phenomenon, including criteria for discriminating between induced and natural events. A fluid/stress systems approach is then used to explore necessary conditions for induced seismicity, such as nucleation of dynamic slip on a fault. Seismological tools of the trade that are employed for observations of induced seismicity are then covered, followed by a case histories for various causal mechanisms of deep saltwater disposal, hydraulic fracturing and geothermal applications. Finally, methods used for risk assessment and hazard mitigation are presented, along with a brief discussion of important societal factors.

    Background

    We set the stage for this chapter by considering several important semantic issues. First, some investigators reserve the adjective “induced” for seismicity caused by human activities that lead to shear stress preturbations on a fault that are comparable in magnitude to the shear stress from the ambient (unperturbed) stress field (McGarr et al., 2002).

  • 8 - Microseismic Interpretation

  • from Part II - Applications of Passive Seismic Monitoring
  • David W. Eaton, University of Calgary
  • Book:
    Passive Seismic Monitoring of Induced Seismicity
    Published online:
    07 June 2018
    Print publication:
    26 April 2018, pp 209-240

  • Summary

    Take care of the sense and the sounds will take care of themselves.

    Lewis Carroll (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, 1865)

    Interpretation is the science of finding meaning in data. The primary purpose of microseismic monitoring is to develop insights into the nature and extent of brittle deformation processes in the subsurface. Passive-seismic monitoring has many applications, including monitoring of fluid stimulation for enhanced geothermal systems and mine-safety protocols. The main focus of this chapter is passive seismic monitoring of MW < 0 induced microseismicity associated with hydraulic fracturing, although the interpretation workflow is more broadly applicable and could be used, for example, in passive seismic monitoring of geothermal stimulation programs. Interpretation of passive-seismic data for induced seismicity, considered here as events with MW ≥ 0, is the subject of the next chapter. In the case of hydraulic-fracture monitoring, microseismic data are generally acquired for the following purposes:

  • • surveillance of the growth of fracture networks;

  • • estimation of the spatial extent of the stimulated region within the reservoir;

  • • characterization of the complexity of induced fracture networks;

  • • diagnosing potential operational issues during well completion.

    • There is considerable research potential for development of more advanced microseismic interpretation methods, such as quantifying the state of stress, imaging discrete fracture networks, time-lapse studies, understanding possible slow-slip processes and reservoir characterization, including facies analysis.

    In this chapter, a systematic approach to microseismic interpretation is introduced. This approach is guided by an underlying philosophy that the interpretation of any experimental data should be repeatable, observation-driven and, to the greatest extent possible, quantitative. As part of this approach, applicable uncertainties in measured quantities should be reported, along with metadata describing how reported uncertainties were obtained. The proposed interpretation procedure is built upon four key concepts:

  • Attributes, following Taner (2001), are physical characteristics derived from observations, either by direct measurements or by logical or experience-based reasoning. There are two fundamentally different types of attributes: measured and inferred (indirect). Examples of measured attributes are the length of a microseismic cluster and the dimensions of the estimated stimulated volume (ESV); examples of inferred attributes are fracture length and SRV.

Page 13 of 61