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Exploration seismology uses seismic imaging to form detailed images of the Earth's interior, enabling the location of likely petroleum targets. Due to the size of seismic datasets, sophisticated numerical algorithms are required. This book provides a technical guide to the essential algorithms and computational aspects of data processing, covering the theory and methods of seismic imaging. The first part introduces an extensive online library of MATLAB® seismic data processing codes maintained by the CREWES project at the University of Calgary. Later chapters then focus on digital signal theory and relevant aspects of wave propagation and seismic modelling, followed by deconvolution and seismic migration methods. Presenting a rigorous explanation of how to construct seismic images, it provides readers with practical tools and codes to pursue research projects and analyses. It is ideal for advanced students and researchers in applied geophysics, and for practicing exploration geoscientists in the oil and gas industry.
Low energy prices have been an intrinsic part of the social contract in all MENA countries, including Egypt. Even though political stability has been shaken since the advent of the Arab Spring in 2011, enduring fiscal hardship has moved subsequent governments to consider fossil fuel reforms. In 2014, Egypt embarked on its first-ever major subsidy reform. Using a behavioural realist approach, this chapter investigates the interests and psychology of key stakeholders that explain the implementation of a seemingly ambitious reform package. It addresses the dynamic positions of, and coalitions among, the Military, the Egyptian Government, political opposition parties and Egyptian citizens. While the 2014 reforms were implemented with success, the perception of a unidirectional change of the social contract has fed popular discontent since. As a condition to unlock a direly needed IMF loan, Egypt implemented a second wave of reforms in 2016. If economic opportunity and social protection policies do not catch up with the pace of reforms, public discontent in combination with repressive government tactics may very well evolve toward renewed political instability.