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Many think that there is nothing to be done now to address past wrongs. The intergenerational harm argument connects ongoing harms with past wrongs, but this argument faces problems: it relies on empirical claims connecting wrongs of the past with harms in the present, claims with which not everyone agrees, and since the wrongdoers existed in the past, it is difficult to say who owes reparations today. In this book, Susan Stark discusses cases of wrongs and injustices - focusing on genocides, the transatlantic slave trade, and social discrimination and oppression of various kinds -- and explores the complex ethical problem of how past wrongs and historic injustices can be partially repaired in the present, and of who is morally required to repair them. She argues for a new way of thinking about reparations, and shows that it is possible to make some repair in the present for wrongs done by others in the past.
Remaking the State examines how development becomes a tool of governance in India's counterinsurgency efforts, with a particular focus on women's experiences in the Jungle Mahals of West Bengal. Through a rich ethnography of the state's non-military response to Maoist insurgency, the book explores how policies designed to win “hearts and minds” intersect with gendered assumptions of empowerment and pacification. Kamra shows how programmes like Muktidhara, a microcredit initiative for rural women, function as mechanisms of both governance and negotiation, as women respond not with resistance, but with strategic engagement. Situating these dynamics within broader histories of colonial and postcolonial state-making in insurgent margins, the book develops a compelling framework for understanding how states are remade from both above and below. Bridging political science, feminist development studies, and critical security studies, this volume offers a timely intervention in debates on democracy, sovereignty, and gendered governance in South Asia.
This revised and updated edition of the definitive history of the French Wars of Religion explains why they were fought and how peace was finally restored after two generations of fighting. Since the publication of the second edition in 2005, recent scholarship has challenged traditional ideas of how the wars started and has included new research on peace-making, memory studies, and the international dimensions of the conflict. Mack P. Holt offers a fresh narrative which incorporates these ideas, while continuing to make this complicated series of civil wars understandable and accessible to readers. Holt explores why France become divided by a civil war fought between both professional armies and civilians, why French elites believed that a simple policy of repression could succeed against the growth of Protestantism, and how peaceful coexistence between the two confessions was eventually established after nearly four decades of war. As a result, this study remains an essential introduction for both students and general readers.
Historians and political scientists typically examine Keynesianism as an economic doctrine suitable for industrialised nation-states. This Element studies intergovernmental organisations as central to the discussion and globalisation of Keynesian ideas. It provides a historical survey of how Keynes's work and the Keynesian macroeconomics it inspired impacted the League of Nations and the United Nations, from 1920 to 1980. League experts both critiqued and used Keynes's writings to legitimise their proposals for monetary and fiscal stabilisation. Later, United Nations economists turned to Keynesianism to conceptualise and operationalise their own work. Keynes was also a guiding reference for UN experts in imagining the multilateral regulation of monetary and trade relations. By uncovering the contrasting understandings of Keynesianism that cohabited within the capacious settings of international organisations, this Element tells the story of how thinkers from both the Global South and the Global North co-created today's instruments of macroeconomic governance. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Bridging the gap between introductory texts and the specialized research literature, this is one of the first truly rigorous yet accessible treatments of modern reinforcement learning. Written by three leading researchers with over a decade of teaching experience, the book uniquely combines mathematical precision with practical insights. It progresses naturally from planning (dynamic programming, MDPs, value and policy iteration) to learning (model-based and model-free algorithms, function approximation, policy gradients, and regret minimization). Each concept is developed from first principles with complete proofs, making the material self-contained. The modular chapter organization enables flexible course design. The book's website offers battle-tested exercises refined through years of classroom use. Combining mathematical rigor with practical applications, this definitive text is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as practitioners seeking a deep understanding of sequential decision-making and intelligent agent design.
The Día de la toma [Conquest Day], held every 2nd January, celebrates the Catholic 'reconquest' of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (1492), which resulted in the collapse of Muslim Spain. The festival has become politicised by ultra-nationalist, anti-immigration groups, as well as Andalusian regionalist movements that want the event to become a 'festival of tolerance'. I examine the 'soundtrack' of the festival in dialogue with work on music and politics, sound studies, cultural memory and affect. From fascist anthems, to chants and flamenco fusions, music and sound serve conflicting readings of Granada's cultural memory. I argue that musical and sonic protest delineates conflicting political and territorial positions in a city that is polarised along regionalist vs nationalist and multiculturalist vs nativist lines. Moreover, I contend that the festival highlights an ambivalence towards the city's Muslim community, and so I consider how this community is sounded and silenced at the event.
The study of periodic partial differential equations has experienced significant growth in recent decades, driven by emerging applications in fields such as photonic crystals, metamaterials, fluid dynamics, carbon nanostructures, and topological insulators. This book provides a uniquely comprehensive overview for mathematicians, physicists, and material scientists engaged in the analysis and construction of periodic media. It describes all the mathematical objects, tools, problems, and techniques involved. Topics covered are central for areas such as spectral theory of PDEs, homogenization, condensed matter physics and optics. Although it is not a textbook, some basic proofs, background material, and references to an extensive bibliography providing pointers to the wider literature are included to allow graduate students to access the content.
In recent years, the United States has witnessed a resurgence in mainstream acceptance of overt, racist rhetoric from politicians. This increased tolerance arises despite previous evidence suggesting that white Americans reject racist appeals when they are explicit. Destabilized examines this shift and points to a perception of threat to white dominance as the root cause. The book finds that when white Americans feel their dominance in the racial hierarchy is unstable, their prejudice activates, and they seek to 'restabilize' the racial hierarchy by accepting negative, explicit racial appeals. Analyses of survey experiments, observational survey data, and political media demonstrate this phenomenon. Finding that this link exists among both white Republicans and white Democrats, Destabilized speaks broadly to the nature of whiteness as a racial identity rooted in the desire for dominance.
Scholars have long recognized John's dual focus on Jesus's relationship to God's presence and his impending physical absence. Yet attention to Jesus's absence is often restricted to the Farewell Discourse. Josiah D. Hall here provides an innovative reading of John's Gospel, arguing that tension between Jesus's presence and absence develops throughout the narrative and is integral to the Gospel's plot. Drawing on sources from across the ancient Mediterranean basin, Hall contends that John leverages conceptions of how deities would manifest their presence to clarify that Jesus is the enfleshed divine presence. Likewise, John depicts Jesus's absence by drawing on motifs of divine departure, especially those which understand a deity's absence as judgment. Attending closely to the paradoxical import of Jesus's presence and absence in John, Hall provides insights on classic Johannine riddles, including John's perspectives on the temple, the characters he labels as 'the Jews', and the Spirit-Paraclete's relationship to Jesus.
Chapter 2 develops the theoretical framework that underpins the book. It argues that politicians in developing democracies face a dual incentive: they need competent bureaucrats who can implement programs effectively, yet they also desire control over those bureaucrats to secure loyalty and political advantage. As a result, politicians often recruit based on merit but retain formal or informal levers of influence, such as control over promotions or geographic transfers. The chapter distinguishes between programmatic and non-programmatic distribution, emphasizing that politicians often require bureaucratic loyalty to engage in non-programmatic distribution. Further, politicians have greater incentives to engage in non-programmatic distribution when local elections are highly competitive. Accordingly, I expect that intense local electoral competition will result in worse governance outcomes, including higher levels of corruption and partisan allocation of public goods. This framework provides the theoretical lens to interpret the empirical evidence presented in subsequent chapters and situates the book’s contribution within broader debates on state capacity, bureaucratic autonomy, clientelism, and democratic accountability.
How can we reconfigure our way of understanding all that is, what Heidegger calls 'being' – so that we can live differently and more fittingly, together? How can we get a sense of different possibilities for being and doing, that allow for hope and change? How can things show themselves so that we heed them and feel a kind of grateful receptivity to them? To all of these questions, Heidegger's answer is 'art.' This Element aims to make sense of the incredible importance Heidegger affords art, on the one hand, and his pessimistic reflections on the possibilities for both art and life in late modernity, on the other. The author proposes that thinking of the artwork as a measure – opaque, basic, and with a regulative normative force – helps make sense of Heidegger's thinking and the promise and peril of art.
Most people not only believe in free will but assume that if we didn't have it society would fall apart. Gregg Caruso challenges this assumption and argues that belief in free will, rather than being a good thing, actually has a dark side and we would be better off without it. His book develops an ethically defensible and practically workable account of how we can live well—indeed, live better—without belief in free will. The book discusses the moral psychology of blame and anger, the intricacies of our moral responsibility practices, and how we can preserve love, morality, creativity, friendship, and criminal and social justice without free will. He also develops an account of virtue ethics and argues not only that it is consistent with free will skepticism, but that adopting the skeptical perspective can better help us achieve the virtues most important to human flourishing and wellbeing.
Is the Arctic destined for conflict, or can cooperation prevail? This timely book explores the complex interplay of security, geography, and regions in the Arctic. Moving beyond simplistic narratives of geopolitical rivalry, it offers a nuanced, multilevel analysis of state security practices, foreign policies, and regional cooperation across distinct subregions. Challenging conventional notions of 'regions' and re-evaluating the role of geographic proximity, it provides fresh insights into how states engage with their neighbours. It also explores the enduring relevance of geography in international relations, demonstrating how the concept of an 'Arctic region' can be a powerful framework but also rests on some false assumptions. Essential for scholars, students, and policymakers, Arctic Geopolitics reshapes our understanding of security dynamics in the Arctic and beyond. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Protection at the Margins is a ground-breaking account of how and why religious actors protect local communities from state-driven populist violence. Focusing on Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte's notorious 'Drug War,' the book provides an intricate view of how religion, populism, and political violence interact on the ground. Drawing on original surveys of Catholic clergy, experiments with members of the Philippine National Police, spatial data on thousands of drug killings, and dozens of field interviews in these neighborhoods, the book shows how Catholic elites used moral commitment and institutional capacity to influence street-level bureaucrats with discretion over violence, work with secular partners, and challenge populist dehumanization. It also highlights obstacles to protection, in the Philippines as well as Brazil and the United States. Amidst rising global concern about populism and violence, Protection at the Margins generates new insights into how religious actors shielded communities in one of the world's largest mega-cities.