This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume, which is about the role of ideas, knowledge and policy change in labour migration. This book challenges the usual questions asked about immigration policies and provides new answers about the policy-making process. It presents case studies of Spain and Great Britain, two countries that from quite different backgrounds in terms of immigration policy-making emerged as major labour importers in the European Union since 2000. This work provides evidence of an increasing but variegated role for expertise in policy formation and demonstrates how, and in what ways, national modes of policy-making intervene to resist or facilitate policy convergence via particular types of communities and coalitions.

This chapter begins with a brief background to crimes against humanity. It then discusses Article 7(1) covering the origins and development Article 7(1)(a) Murder; Article 7(1)(b) Extermination; Article 7(1)(c) Enslavement; Article 7(1)(d) Deportation or forcible transfer; Article 7(1)(e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty; Article 7(1)(f) Torture; Article 7(1)(g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilisation, or sexual violence; Article 7(1)(h) Persecution; Article 7(1)(i) Enforced disappearance of persons; Article 7(1)(j) Apartheid; and Article 7(1)(k) Other inhumane acts.

Rural workers in Barbados, particularly women, were vulnerable to the vagaries of the planters at the micro level and the world market at a macro level. Farming was almost exclusively carried out by women in Barbados and it was also favored by them as it enabled them to earn more and fitted well into their household routine. Sugar was the preferred crop whereas a pig, or other stock, was equally viable investment as they were not dependent on seasons. Other avenues such as domestic service or home-based industries such as huckstering, sewing and straw plaiting were also open for the females whereas for males, migration was the only alternative to the sugar plantations. The moral economy in Barbados was premised on the right to subsistence and it led to a range of social adjustments based on the values of solidarity and communitarianism, which later on became the cornerstone of the nation. These values also provided an alternative model of citizenship to that proposed by the colonial authorities and metamorphosed into duties for those further up the social hierarchy.

This chapter focuses on two initiatives which exemplify, at least in their explicit intentions, contrasting attitudes towards the cultural politics of Rock Against Racism (RAR). These are Love Music Hate Racism (LMHR), and the series of appeals, led by Bob Geldof, to combat famine and poverty in Africa. For his part, Geldof has long insisted that the aims of the movement against poverty and famine can be achieved only through negotiating with the handful of powerful political actors who dominate global economics and politics. The chapter also examines some of the recent social and technological influences on pop music's ethnic boundaries. RAR, in association with the Anti-Nazi League (ANL), was part of an anti-fascist front that aimed to physically prevent the far-right from mobilising in public spaces. In this atmosphere RAR gigs became frequent targets of fascist hooligans, and physical security was consequently a vital consideration.

This chapter identifies the shared aspects of the performances of Donne's prose letters, as well as the ways their strategies may be considered typical (of Donne), and describes his letters as remarkable, since they regard both the immediacy and frequency with which they refer to the materiality of language and of letters. This betrays a considerable awareness of modern debates on letter writing. The chapter also focuses on the ways Donne tries to gain secular favour through letters, which are filled with religious concepts.

This chapter focuses on the various cultural activities in colonial Barbados and the role played by them in forging a West Indian identity. Various societies such as Dan Blackett's Social Physical Cultural Club, the Bank Hall Cultural Club, Arlington Newton's Universal Ulotrichian Society and the Forum Club were established with the direct objectives of debate, education and raising cultural consciousness among the Barbadians. Magazines such as Forum and Weymouth Magazine published a range of chapters on political and cultural developments, short stories and poems and advocated a common, West Indian literature and a Federated West Indies. Societies such as the Barbados Memorial Association or the Clennell Wickham Service Club aimed to offer adult education and publish cheap biographies of prominent Barbadians whereas sports Clubs such as the Empire also provided avenues for robust co-operation and the indigenisation of cricket.

The basic pattern of racial violence in the South was largely determined by the attempts of landowners and commercial farmers to gain mastery over a world turned upside down by the end of slavery. Emancipation raised two dire threats that struck at the heart of the former slave society: the emergence of a free market in labour and the plantocracy's lost grip over land. Landowners across the South mobilized against these twin threats, employing all mechanisms at their disposal to regain their former dominance. This chapter argues that landowners' quest for political and economic control forms the indispensable point of reference for any discussion of extra-legal racial violence, providing the terrain for even plebeian whites to participate in the lynch culture of the New South.

This chapter focuses on the ignorance of others that can be found in Charles Dickens's Great Expectations and George Eliot's Middlemarch, which are considered to be two of the most fully achieved and most commonly discussed English novels from the mid-nineteenth century. It grounds the discussion on an observation on the self-evident fact that one knows others through the ‘subtler movements of the body’. The chapter reveals that this strategy can be found in these two novels, in which ‘realism’ may be said to be indirectly related to the modern documentary at certain important points. It also aims to identify the different ways hands serve as signifiers of personhood, and studies what this might tell about the saving knowledge of others.