Although northern Apulia was never directly colonized or occupied during the Iron Age, it has long been recognized that it was subject to significant Greek cultural and economic influence. Local communities seem to have developed a distinct sense of locality, based more on continuity and regional traditions. The area thus offers a valuable comparison to the other case studies in this volume, clearly showing the selectivity of cultural adaptation. This is demonstrated by an examination of the rich funerary record, which provides numerous and diverse examples of the adoption and rejection of foreign (Greek) elements.

This chapter introduces and criticises the common underlying features of mainstream approaches to the rule of law. However much they differ from each other, they have two unfortunate features in common. First, they all are responses to a prematurely posed question – what is the rule of law? Second, conventional answers – notwithstanding their many differences from each other – are drawn from within a common, narrowly and legalistically conceived, frame of options. They start by trying to delineate the legal anatomy of the rule of law rather than ask after what sort of problem it is supposed to solve. The chapter criticises this sort of approach wholesale rather than trying to choose retail between one or other examples on offer. The ingredients of a solution depend on what they do to help solve the problem. They cannot be read off from some preconceived list of legal forms and institutions. For, however intelligent and insightful any particular anatomical answers might be, they begin with the wrong question, and so their answers – some extremely intelligent – are, to real if varying extents, beside the point, and they suffer from seven characteristic weaknesses.

This chapter outlines the historical evolution of the “Production Paradigm” in economic thought. It begins by exploring production as a defining characteristic of modern societies, shaped by the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, and contrasts natural resources with produced wealth. The chapter then highlights 18th-century Physiocracy, focusing on François Quesnay’s Tableau Économique as a groundbreaking framework. It transitions to Classical Political Economy, examining the contributions of Adam Smith and David Ricardo and reflecting on the intellectual decline that followed. Marx’s theories, particularly his approach to the transformation problem, are analyzed in relation to Ricardo’s work. The chapter concludes with a critique of the marginalist counter-revolution of the late 19th century, emphasizing its departure from production-centric models and missed opportunities in classical analysis.

Educators acknowledge the importance of utilising, implementing, and applying curriculum; a day-to-day engagement in a wide range of educational settings. So often, focus centres upon the curriculum itself; however, this chapter provides strategies for navigating curriculum and provides proven helpful cross-curriculum tools and processes for applying curriculum in effective and efficient time-friendly ways. A wide range of examples are provided to cover many aspects of the Australian Curriculum, importantly inclusive of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Knowledge.

Chapter 3 documents the existence of a developmentalist legacy in Brazil as an outcome of the country’s state-directed industrialization (1951–1984) and market reforms (1985–2002.) It traces how in the 1940s a developmentalist frame put forward by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) was embraced by a wide set of policy-makers and business elites, and became institutionally embedded in the BNDES. It then shows how, in the following six decades, developmentalists adapted their ideas and institutions to changing circumstances – economic liberalization, regime change, economic crises, and party alternations – without renouncing their pursuit of structural transformation. Crucially, through this long-run process, they endowed the BNDES with autonomy from political pressures and influence over business strategies to achieve policy goals. This generated the necessary conditions for the adoption of globalized state-led development.

This chapter considers fasting, the voluntary restriction of food intake. It starts with hunger striking, from its earliest uses in Ancient Rome, to its modern adoption as a political tool in Northern Ireland, South Africa, and Guantanamo Bay. The psychological and biological impacts of hunger striking are described, alongside the response by authorities, its political potency, and changing attitudes to force feeding and the ethics of self-starvation. Many people’s contact with fasting comes in the form of weight-loss dieting, and the techniques and consequences of this are described, along with their effectiveness and side effects. The use of drugs and bariatric surgery to aid weight loss are considered. Fasting has also been used as a form of public entertainment, with nineteenth-century audiences paying to watch 'hunger artists' as they went days and weeks without food. Historically, fasting has been adopted by many of the world's religions, as a means of cleansing the body and soul. Its modern manifestation is dieting for ultra-longevity. Scientific work on this is reviewed, but it is not encouraging, as humans may not respond to semi-starvation with elongated lifespans.

Consumed by thoughts of a blue flower, Heinrich leaves his cold homeland and travels south until he meets Mathilde, who opens his eyes to the world’s mysteries. Then a tragic event reveals the secret power of poetry …

Heinrich von Ofterdingen, left unfinished at the time of the author’s death, is a masterpiece of philosophical fiction and a classic of German literature. This highly detailed and original interpretation is the most comprehensive and systematic study of the novel ever written. Developing fresh insights into the philosophical ideas of the novel while also attending to its symbolic, literary, and creative qualities, Owen Ware explores how Novalis probes the core problem of modern life – fragmentation, and our sense of alienation from the world. Ultimately, he shows us, this novel is a timeless expression of the Romantics’ idea that only the imagination, guided by love, can bring us back to our spiritual home.

How is death different from life? Or, what precisely is the relationship between life and death, categories generally defined in terms of each other? In anthropology, two strands of scholarship have unsettled any presuppositions that life and death are opposite and wholly separate domains: on the one hand, cosmological and ontological frames of regeneration and continuity and, on the other, political and political economic analytics of exclusion and exploitation. These strands likewise have generally been engaged as wholly separate discourses. In this part, our authors address construing and producing life from death in both ontological and political economic registers. In doing so, they provide a critical bridge between the reflections on dying, deathcare, and the material of the corpse found in the preceding two parts and the more explicit framing of necropolitics that ties together Part IV as well as Part V’s look beyond death.

Chapter 8 applies the theory of globalized state-led development to China. Chinese reformers, a group of policy-makers that led the transition from a planned to a market economy, have much in common with developmentalists elsewhere in terms of their embrace of the developmental canon and the use of state financial institutions to achieve their policy goals. As part of a wider process of policy learning and experimentation, reformers began to support the outward investments of national firms in 1979. Policy debates ensued regarding the merits of this policy leading to its uneven adoption. Once the policy debate was resolved, the state launched its Go Global policy in 2000 and leveraged state financial institutions to shape the foreign investments of Chinese firms to meet the goal of indigenous innovation. The chapter details how the resulting Chinese globalized state-led development model is distinctive in its form and scale.

This chapter examines the question of when expanded channels of community consultation and redress are made available in infrastructure project-affected communities, are grievances aggregated or reduced? To provide context for the nature and functioning of redress mechanisms and requirements for community consultation alongside other safeguard policies including information disclosure, this chapter examines the increasingly stringent application of such principles in the practices of a select number of global multilateral development banks (MDBs) supported by the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment and Belt and Road Initiative. This includes the World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Asian infrastructure Investment Bank to explore how their Environmental and Social Frameworks are designed to mitigate negative social and environmental impacts of project investments beginning in the early 2000s. This is followed by a statistical comparison of the proportion of grievances per project raised prior to and after bank policy amendments between 2010 and 2020 expanding access to pre-project consultation, informed consent and formalised grievance mechanisms amongst 10 of the world’s MDBs in order to determine whether increasing channels of consultation and accountability lead to an increase or reduction in the number of project disputes. The findings indicate that the percentage of grievances per project peaks at 15.4% in 2019 then drops significantly in 2021 to 7.1%.

This chapter introduces key assessment principles and practical strategies. You will explore ways to foster evaluative judgement and reflective thinking, design rubrics, and use diagnostic, formative, and summative assessments to gather insights. The chapter also covers inclusive practices, authentic tasks, and the role of data in driving improvement. These strategies are examples to adapt to your own students and teaching context, helping you create a responsive, engaging learning environment that promotes growth for all learners.

This chapter introduces the notion of theodicy, addresses objections against the legitimacy of theodicy, and summarizes the main argument of the book. The relationship between human and divine love is also thematized, and it is argued that the former but not the latter has an essential relation to suffering.

This chapter examines the evolution of African-American short fiction in the 1940s, focusing on Ralph Ellison’s contributions. It traces the genre’s development from early twentieth-century foundations through the Harlem Renaissance to a flourishing in the 1940s. Ellison’s stories, including “Flying Home” and “King of the Bingo Game,” exemplify the decade’s shift toward more experimental, psychologically complex narratives that blend African-American folklore with modernist techniques. The chapter argues that this period was pivotal in African-American literature, as writers like Ellison combined vernacular traditions with high modernist styles to address themes of identity, alienation, and the American experience. This synthesis laid the groundwork for major novels of the 1950s and beyond, marking the 1940s as a transformative decade that propelled African-American literature into a new era of artistic achievement.

In these pages, the problematic at the centre of the book is introduced. It explores how the concepts of sovereignty and freedom and the human/nature relationship are linked and how they influence the idea of self. This Introduction also displays past and current interpretations of the Romantic conception of subjectivity and of Romantic political philosophy, highlighting the shortcomings of these readings. Indeed, they neglect the political essence of the Romantic Self. This chapter closes with an overview of the structure of the book and a list of the Romantic authors considered.