Chapter 4 explores how rising perceived threats associated with globalization have led to a backlash, discussed in the newly emerging literature on “deglobalization.” The roots of this deglobalization movement were already evident in fractured globalization. On the one hand, identity needs tend to pull people to the local level but, on the other hand, economic forces are pushing people toward the global level. This sets up competing trends: for example, at the same time that integration into the European Union is ongoing, there is Brexit taking the UK out of Europe, and Scottish nationalism and Irish nationalism pushing to get Scotland and Northern Ireland out of the UK. The backlash against globalization is in part a reaction to perceived threats “against our group, our way of life, our culture, our language, our values, and everything about us” in the face of perceived large-scale “invasions” (examples of such perceived invaders are Mexicans “invading” the USA, Muslims “invading” Europe, Westerners “invading” Islamic societies, and so on).

This chapter presents a complex case of clinical ethics consultation involving a patient with end-stage renal disease, frailty, and severe dementia. It explores the ethical challenges faced by the healthcare team, particularly regarding the designation of dialysis as a "nonbeneficial" intervention. The narrative focuses on the tension between medical decision-making, rooted in evidence-based practice, and the values and spiritual beliefs of the patient and her family, especially in light of systemic inequities. By examining the patient’s historical context, including implicit racial bias and structural barriers, the chapter highlights the need for ethics consultations to acknowledge these factors when navigating difficult medical decisions. The case ultimately illustrates the limitations of standard ethical frameworks in addressing the long-standing harms experienced by some patients and calls for a more nuanced approach that incorporates systemic injustices into ethical deliberations.

If Kant’s Doctrine of Right is an integral part of his moral philosophy and thus the categorical imperative is the basis of his Universal Law of Right, then this Law of Right must be derived from the Universal Law of Morals due to the provisions of Kant’s concept of Right. This chapter shows how this works in the framework of the natural law tradition.

This chapter is concerned with the decline of Greek and Roman poetry and the rise of European culture in the Middle Ages. The decisive difference between the ancients and the moderns concerns poetry in the widest sense, that is, the culture of beauty. A number of fragments address this difference. The significance of Christian hymns and the Psalms for the European nations is discussed, with particular attention to national traditions in music, language, and the sciences. A distinction is made between the way the northern and southern European traditions use tone and alliteration. The culture of Arabic is seen as a strong influence on the culture of medieval Europe, passing through Spain by way of the troubadours. The difficulties in defining national character or national poetry are discussed, and the value of medieval poetic arts in Europe is described as an awakening of independent thinking and unencumbered judgement. This makes the medieval poetic arts of Europe a gay science, an expansion of the fields of science, and a general unification of the nations.

The chapter introduces fundamental principles of deep learning. We discuss supervised learning of feedforward neural networks by considering a binary classification problem. Gradient descent techniques and backpropagation learning algorithms are introduced as means of training neural networks. The impact of neuron activations and convolutional and residual network architectures on the learning performance are discussed. Finally, regularization techniques such as batch normalization and dropout are introduced for improving the accuracy of trained models. The chapter is essential to connect advances in conventional deep learning algorithms to neuromorphic concepts.

The regulation of embryo testing, selection, and gene editing, as part of assisted reproduction, is the focus of Chapter 3. The chapter argues that restricting or prohibiting the transfer of embryos with impairments during assisted reproduction is incompatible with disability rights. It also argues that if embryos can have their impairments removed through gene editing, then preventing the creation of disabled embryos would be incompatible with regulating assisted reproduction in a disability-inclusive manner.

This book began as an empirical study of MNCs’ tax avoidance strategies but evolved into a broader exploration of jurisdictional arbitrage as a distinct modality of corporate power. While conventional accounts treat arbitrage as a technical tool for tax minimization, this study reframes it as a systemic outcome of the CCMCE – a modular structure uniquely suited to navigating and exploiting global regulatory fragmentation. Jurisdictional arbitrage is not confined to taxation; it spans liability shielding, disclosure manipulation, and intangible asset transfers. In so doing, it reconfigures firm–state relations and blurs legal boundaries, allowing MNCs to opt out of regulatory constraints without direct confrontation. This form of power – adaptive, evasive, and anticipatory – is distinct from traditional accounts of lobbying or capture. It operates in the interstices of legal regimes, producing a ‘rule-based transgressor elite’ that consolidates wealth and influence across borders. Jurisdictional arbitrage, the book argues, must be understood not as legal deviance, but as an institutionalized response to contradictions in global capitalism. The book calls for a rethinking of core theoretical assumptions in political economy, especially those concerning sovereignty, regulation, and corporate personhood in an era defined by intangibles and fragmented authority.

The use of the different terms “miscarriages of justice,” “wrongful convictions,” “innocence” and “exoneration” in different countries is examined. The book’s research methodologies are explained. A comparative law methodology is used to highlight similarities and differences in different jurisdictions. Many of the immediate causes, such as mistaken eyewitness identification, false confessions and false forensic evidence, are basically similar. At the same time, remedies, including what is remedied, and some structural factors, such as prejudice and discrimination, often differ. A legal process methodology is used to examine the different contributions that courts, the executive and legislatures can make to the creation, prevention and remedying of miscarriages of justice. A historical approach is used to illustrate the longstanding role of racism and prejudice and to explore whether wrongful conviction reforms are a means of legitimating unjust systems. The normative values at stake in miscarriages of justice are outlined with a focus on equality and fair trial rights, including the presumption of innocence. The issue of balancing the risks of wrongful convictions and wrongful acquittals is discussed. Finally, a detailed outline of subsequent chapters is provided.

A state’s entitlement to tax a person is said to rest on either source, which is a connection between the state and the income, or residence, which is a connection between the state and the owner of the income. The source state can tax income sourced in the state, whereas the residence state can tax all of the resident’s income. Historically, these bases for tax were uncontroversial because most people earned all or almost all their income in a single state. Digitalization and globalization have changed how people live their lives, however, and have provoked questions about whether states can assert an unlimited entitlement to tax all of a person’s worldwide income, even if that person does not reside in its territory. This chapter demonstrates that income taxation of individuals in the twenty-first century does not require a personal link of the ’residence’ kind. It details policy options that would preserve the personal income tax on individuals without a singular reliance on a person having a sole residence. Ending the reliance on residence would alleviate many of the most pressing challenges facing the international tax regime, including the taxation of remote workers, digital services, and digital nomads.

This chapter focuses on the politics of municipal affiliation and disaffiliation. Although the sister-city phenomenon included a whole range of activities, it also focuses on the aims of the American government in establishing and revising the framework for American municipal diplomacy; the desires and actions of American municipalities in participating in this program; and the interaction between these and other actors in pursuing their various agendas. Beneath the glitter of dancing girls, exotic youThexchanges, ostentatious gifts, and elaborate commemorations, what are the interests at play? Who wants what, when, and why? An examination of the sister-city network, and particularly as it transitions into the late 1960s and 1970s, deepens our understanding of American foreign relations in the postwar period in the following ways: it participates in the transnational agenda by opening up new units of analysis and thereby complicating our understanding of the driving forces of international relations.

This chapter dives into one of the most difficult clinical ethics consultations in the author’s career. A vibrant patient suffers a cardiac arrest and severe anoxic brain injury on their way to dialysis. After weeks of ICU treatment, the family came when the patient was liberated from the ventilator. The daily spontaneous breathing trials made everyone think (and prepare) that the patient would only have minutes to live after extubation. Yet, the patient began to breath. When the minutes turned into an hour, the yelling began. The ethics pager went off moments later, and no one could have be prepared for journey ahead. Trust was gone, and the current course of comfort care would bring an irreversible outcome. The effort to buy time in the face of uncertainty resulted in a complex sequence of events that unfolded over months. The author reflects on the case and shares the opportunity to learn by failing forward.

Following a socially embedded approach to the study of corruption, this chapter shows how corruption, its meaning, and the battle against it are deeply local and temporal. Relying primarily on original party documents and news reports, this chapter traces the chronological order of anti-corruption practices between 1949, when the People’s Republic of China was established, and 2020 to illustrate how the meanings of corruption, types of misbehavior to address, and the type of selected punishment were all articulated temporally.