This chapter examines the transformations of the settlement of Morgantina in the sixth and early fifth centuries BCE though Appadurai’s concepts of “locality” and “colonization.” The use of local and imported vessels, particularly within the Four-Room Building’s dining assemblage, alongside inscribed names and other words in Greek and the Sikel language, highlights the overlapping networks with which the people of Morgantina engaged over time. By focusing on ritual and dining assemblages that showcase the adoption and adaptation of imported forms like Lakonian kraters and the endurance of local carinated cups, the dynamic production of locality at Morgantina is situated in broader Mediterranean networks.

Effective lesson design underpins meaningful and inclusive learning. This chapter builds on principles of clear objectives and active learning, offering practical strategies to design lessons that are engaging, relevant, and responsive to diverse learners. You will explore how to align learning goals with success criteria, apply Universal Design for Learning (UDL) to ensure accessibility, promote higher-order thinking, and connect learning to real-world contexts. The chapter also considers the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI), guiding you to use it ethically while safeguarding critical thinking and teacher agency. Through examples, reflection, and adaptable strategies, you will learn to design lessons that spark curiosity, promote inclusion, and equip learners with future-ready skills.

Chapter 4 examines the motivations and consequences of religious conversion. It specifically focuses on socioeconomic reasons rather than spiritual motivations. Although most conversions involved embracing Islam, conversions to other faiths also occurred. Using social identity theories by Tajfel and Turner, the chapter argues that conversion is not just a transition between communities but the creation of an ambiguous social space – belonging to both, to neither, or parts of both. Converts often kept ties to their original communities while trying to gain acceptance in their new ones, developing fluid identities to navigate different social worlds. In response, each religious community would reward converts and punish those who left. Rewards included access to resources, inheritance rights, or marriage prospects, while punishments involved public shaming, annulment of marriages, or exclusion from burial rites. The chapter employs Foucault’s concepts of discipline and punishment to analyze these reactions.

This chapter examines the transatlantic career of Italo Montemezzi and particularly his opera L’amore dei tre re. Montemezzi’s work enjoyed a modest success in Italy but sensational acclaim at the Metropolitan Opera in 1914, where it was hailed as the finest Italian opera since the death of Verdi. On one level, the orchestral sophistication and overt symbolism of Montemezzi’s work appeared to blur familiar stylistic distinctions between Italian and German opera. But the breakneck pace of L’amore dei tre re also accorded with wider rhetoric of New York urbanism in the 1910s, at a time when musical modernism seemingly lagged behind the visual and literary arts. In the wake of the war, operatic criticism within Italy became newly militarised as Italian opera thrived across transatlantic stages, with efforts made to coordinate seasons between La Scala, Rome and the Colón. Montemezzi’s follow-up, La nave, failed to satisfy the ambitions placed upon it, even if L’amore was successfully presented at the Met for several decades. But La nave arguably marked the climax of efforts to frame Italian opera’s transatlantic reach as political power against waning geopolitical influence.

This chapter first presents an ideal type of a hybrid regime. This account sees a hybrid regime as a regime that presents itself as a functioning democracy, but in which the incumbent has disproportionate control over the rules of the game. The chapter then identifies points of tension between a hybrid regime’s constitution and the constitution of a good state. It shows that three constitutional features tend to be found in a hybrid regime: rivaling constitutional ideologies of democracy and guardianship; a trifurcated dual state legal order; and two levels of constitutional battle. Along the way, the chapter suggests how these features might impact a constitutional court in a hybrid regime.

This chapter discusses recent developments in the “undoing” of the Valley of the Fallen, Francisco Franco’s most important memorial. After a brief introduction to the complex making of the monument and its multiple frictions with emerging cultures of memory in twenty-first-century Spain, the text focuses on the dismantling of its necropolitical layout. This funerary unmaking is part of a refashioning of the monument in the context of what in Spain is currently called “democratic memory.” Major achievements have already been made: dictator Francisco Franco was exhumed in 2019 and the founder of the Spanish Fascist Party in 2023. In June 2023, after a complicated legal, political, and technical process, an exhumation began in the crypts to search for 180 bodies claimed by relatives, revealing all the contradictions and shadows that still linger in the monument. At the time of writing, sixteen bodies of Republican civilians have already been identified and returned to their families. The chapter is based on a twenty-year multisite ethnography of mass grave exhumations dating back the Spanish Civil War (1936–9). Over time, my research project branched out to include analysis of the memorial conflicts emerging around the Valley of the Fallen.

The chapter starts by examining the backlash among Orangemen in the Border Counties to Éire’s 1948 unilateral decision to leave the British Commonwealth and become a republic. Coming to terms with the new constitutional reality was traumatic, and adaptation was not facilitated by the Catholic hierarchy, which was in full crusading mood against domestic heresy and foreign communism. The chapter examines a few high-profile cases – including the 1956 Hungarian refugees episode and the 1957 Fethard-on-Sea Boycott – and explores the mix of complacency, insecurity and resignation with which both Jews and Protestants responded to the mounting intolerance of the church hierarchy. An age of anxieties, the 1950s was also an age of extremes for the Irish minorities. Just when they seemed to be at their lowest ebb, supine under clerical dictation, while the Orange Order was fighting and losing old peripheral battles, Irish civil society came to the rescue and liberal opinion started to question traditional deference to Catholic power.

This chapter explores case-control studies, an analytical observational design particularly suited for investigating rare diseases and conditions with long latency periods. The methodology is explained, with cases defined as individuals with the outcome of interest and controls as those without, drawn from the same source population. Retrospective assessment of exposure history forms the basis of analysis, allowing researchers to identify associations between exposures and outcomes. The odds ratio is introduced as the principal measure of association, with guidance on its interpretation and limitations. The chapter highlights the efficiency of case-control studies, requiring smaller sample sizes compared with cohort designs, and their particular value when incidence data are difficult or costly to obtain. Challenges such as recall bias, selection bias, and difficulties in establishing temporality are critically discussed. Strategies to minimise bias, including careful matching of cases and controls and validation of exposure measures, are outlined. Practical examples demonstrate the application of case-control studies in fields such as cancer epidemiology and outbreak investigations. The chapter concludes by emphasising the continued relevance of case-control designs in modern epidemiology. This chapter maps to syllabus section 3.2.3, which requires detailed knowledge of case-control studies, their strengths, weaknesses, and potential biases.