This chapter provides a loose, non-linear history of the term ‘workplace sexual harassment’, exploring the many ways it has been conceptualised, problematised and managed. First, it describes how the term ‘sexual harassment’ developed through advocacy for real-world change, from grassroots activism to legal scholarship. Second, it outlines theories of sexual harassment guiding empirical inquiry and understanding in social sciences. Third, it explores the ways that changing the context in which a term is used can also change its function. The chapter concludes by discussing implications for implementing these critical approaches to bring about change in the context of workplace sexual harassment in medicine.

This section presents the author’s conclusions and offers some outlook for further research.

Concept formation is critical for many social scientific goals, yet it often appears neglected. This chapter underscores the importance of concepts in empirical work oriented toward causal inference, including experiments. It explores the role of conceptual hierarchies, typologies, and dichotomies both for causal attribution and for assessing generalizability. Using an example from the Metaketa Initiative, this chapter highlights the value of Sartori’s ladder of abstraction for fostering cumulative learning from experimental research. Wider use of the tools of concept formation can aid assessment of both the internal and external validity of causal claims.

This chapter introduces large language models (LLMs) through a primer on neural networks, backpropagation, and transformer architecture, and explains how scale, data, and alignment methods (SFT, RLHF) shape LLM behaviour. It surveys uses of LLMs as decision-making assistants in work, healthcare, policy, and information domains, highlighting productivity gains alongside risks around bias and misinformation. Turning to economic contexts, it compares LLM choices with human behaviour across risk, time, and social preferences, noting greater rationality but also differences (e.g., ‘optimistic’ altruism and framing susceptibility). The chapter argues that LLMs increase demand for language-based utility functions.

This chapter has been written by four medical doctors (Jane, Maria, Sharon and Ketty), a gender specialist (Grace) and a state advocate (Chali). There have always been some discussions among medical students and doctors about the occurrence of sexual harassment in the medical fraternity. However, without any published evidence, it would appear as though it is gossip or name tarnishing to some. This chapter begins with a real-life narration of Maria’s experience of sexual harassment when she was a young doctor. We also delved into investigating sexual harassment among Zambian female doctors by utilizing an anonymous online questionnaire that was sent via the Medical Women Association of Zambia (MWAZ) mailing platform. Eight brave doctors responded to the call; their stories will leave you in tears. This book has given us an opportunity to shed light on sexual harassment and break the silence.

Decoding of LDPC codes on the erasure channel: In Chapter 6, we illustrate different decoding algorithms for LDPC codes over erasure channels, namely, iterative (IT) and maximum likelihood (ML) decoding. Decoding on the erasure channel can be strongly simplified with respect to decoding on other channels, since whenever a symbol is not erased, we know its value with full certainty. We illustrate that iterative decoding can be done by a peeling process which resolves one unknown per iteration. ML decoding can be performed efficiently by solving a sparse system of equations by variants of the Gaussian elimination algorithm.

The aim of this chapter is to help readers to understand the different options for psychological therapy when parents are experiencing perinatal mental illness and consider what therapeutic approach might be appropriate and for whom.

Psychological therapies are of key importance in the perinatal period. There are significant psychological adjustments associated with the transition to parenthood, there are adjusted risks and benefits of prescribing at this time, parents state they prefer psychological approaches and therapy may also be important to address problems in the parent-infant relationship. It is important that psychological therapies are based on a perinatal frame of mind and can be accessed promptly when needed.

This chapter describes different types of evidence-based, guideline recommended psychological therapies that target improvements in parental mental health symptoms. Psychological therapy is most effective and accessible when it is adapted to take account of the perinatal context and issues related to pregnancy, childbirth or parenting. The evidence base for psychological therapies specifically in the perinatal period is growing and is reviewed.

The Introduction explains the purpose of this book about the way natural ecologies are centrally configured in twentieth- and twenty-first century drama and innovative theatrical performance. It explains the book’s argument that ecology and climate need to be understood as consequences of a combination of social and natural forces, and that drama and theatrical performance often stage such entangled ecologies. We find that weather-related events function like protagonists in twentieth-century and twenty-first century Australian theatrical work, reflecting contemporaneous human attitudes towards nature. The plays and performances discussed in this book reveal a paradigm shift from a white settler belief in a righteous human dominance over nature to a more contemporary understanding of mutual entanglement and reciprocity in multispecies ecologies.

This concluding chapter offers some final reflections on the nature of knowledge about ethnicity in Kenya. I argue that if the nature of this knowledge is purposefully vague and makes ethnic categories polyvalent, then the best way to protect against problematic uses of ethnic knowledge is vigilance. This is far less satisfying and reassuring than law or rights as a framework for governing the risks of diversity, but it is far more appropriate, and I briefly consider what this might look like. Finally, I look forward to the digitisation of Kenya’s population register and aspirations to establish a population knowledge architecture so sophisticated that it could render numerous registers interoperable and ultimately replace even the census. I reflect on the nature of ethnic classification in such an architecture and argue that it would lose all the qualities that have made it amenable to solidaristic and pluralistic purposes thus far, while amplifying all its dangers.

This chapter examines how the rhetoric of achievement books is crafted through images and numbers as well as words. I argue that these media have two purposes. On one hand, they act as symbolic fragments of the nation, constituted by a recognisable Nasser-era iconography. Peasants and workers, students and soldiers, factories and machines, land and buildings – all these elements are marshalled to depict a cohesive national mosaic. On the other hand, each photograph and statistic acts as an index of the state’s achievements; the picture and the number become, on their own, an inarguable demonstration of the state’s ability to achieve. After describing the typical content of Nasserist iconography, the chapter moves to analyse it in relation to the master narratives of industrial modernisation and revolutionary responsibility. The chapter concludes with an analysis of what images exclude, what lies beyond their frame, and how these exclusions are telling about what constitutes ‘the state’ under Nasser. Governmental images and numbers are not a peripheral epiphenomenon to Nasser-era politics, but they are symbolically and indexically central to the state’s construction.

In this chapter, we provide an overview of several related problems in which we can apply the techniques developed in Chapters 2–6. We first study the least gradient problem, that is, the problem of minimisation of total variation with respect to a given Dirichlet boundary condition. We discuss several possible formulations of this problem in a metric measure setting, and in regular bounded open subsets of a metric measure space, we describe the relation between the least gradient problem and the Dirichlet problem for the 1-Laplacian operator. Section 7.2 deals with the Cheeger problem and the Cheeger cut problem in the general framework of metric measure spaces. Our first goal is to study the problem of characterising the Cheeger constant of a bounded domain and the identification of the Cheeger sets. Furthermore, we prove a version of the Max-Flow Min-Cut Theorem. Then, we consider the Cheeger cut problem of partitioning the space into two parts so that the Cheeger constant of the whole space is achieved, and as a consequence, we obtain a Cheeger inequality along the lines of the classical one for Riemannian manifolds obtained by Cheeger in 1970.

A Euclidean domain is an integral domain with a function enabling a division algorithm similar to that of the ring of integers, while a principal ideal domain (PID) is a domain where every ideal is principal – generated by a single element. Every Euclidean domain is a PID, and every PID is a unique factorization domain (UFD), ensuring unique factorization into irreducibles. This chapter develops the theory of finitely generated modules over PIDs. The central result is their decomposition into direct sums of cyclic submodules. The uniqueness of invariant factors, together with the module’s rank, provides complete classification up to isomorphism. The cyclic decomposition relates closely to the Smith normal form of matrices over PIDs, a canonical form revealing the cokernel structure of linear transformations between finite-rank free modules. We apply the primary decomposition of torsion modules over a PID to the classification of finitely generated abelian groups and to the classification of linear operators over algebraically closed fields, yielding the classical Jordan canonical form.

From the twelfth century, clergy enjoyed another privilege related to criminal violence. The canon ‘Si quis suadente’ (1139) declared that anyone who laid ‘violent hands’ on a clerk or monk incurred excommunication reserved to papal absolution. Historians have seen this sanction as ‘automatic’ and an expression of papal power, but recent scholarship has questioned this. Bishops enforcing the canon sought papal guidance on its operation: What kinds of clergy and violence was it meant to cover? Did it exclude some uses of force, notably self-defence? Did all offenders need papal absolution? Papal answers to such questions formed a new body of case law that complicated the canon’s operation and made it less automatic. Canonistic commentary added to this complexity, essentially giving bishops power to decide whether the canon’s sanction applied and whether offenders needed recourse to Rome. In English practice, offenders were rarely referred to Rome and usually received episcopal absolution. Church courts also encouraged reconciliation between clerical victims and lay assailants through arbitration, rather than emphasising division between them that the canon potentially signified.

Chapter 1 (Introduction): In this chapter, I argue that scholars have tended to focus on how ancient Jews judged and criticized pagan worship (i.e. on the normative elements of ancient Jewish views). I suggest that, by turning our attention instead to how Jews constructed and imagined the religious devotion of their pagan neighbors (i.e. the descriptive elements of ancient Jewish views), we can open up an entirely new arena of investigation into ancient Jewish thought.