Ulpian’s successors followed his lead in imagining a world without legal politics. To articulate their vision, they constructed a law of government: a body of law devoted to the administration of cities, and to criminal punishment. It focused on questions of public order and administration, and sought to eliminate the scope of, if not the need for, collective participation. It was concerned to limit the jurisdiction of governors, who might become enmeshed in local political systems. Within this system, jurists reserved the capacity for affective judgment for emperors alone. This is the vision of law that would be taken up over the long course of Late Antiquity: only the emperor would be permitted affect and discretion; all others were construed as responsible to the law itself. Together, jurists and the emperors created a vision of law that was radically opposed to the society upon which it was enacted.

In the 1950s, Michael Balint wrote one of the signature texts for general practice: The doctor, his patient and the illness. (1) Balint was a psychoanalytic psychiatrist who pioneered a type of small group learning for GPs which came to be known as Balint groups. Balint groups encouraged doctors to reflect on the nature of therapeutic relationships, and to consider how these might be leveraged to improve care. Balint was an advocate of whole person care, and one of his core concepts was the ‘collusion of anonymity’, which described the situation where the patient is passed from one specialist to another with nobody taking responsibility for the whole person. The concept of collusion implied avoidance, the idea that each specialist chose to complete the relevant task at hand, but avoided engaging with the patient as a person.

It was a turning point in the history of European integration and a unique moment for the first President of the European Commission, Walter Hallstein. On 16 June 1965 in the afternoon, Hallstein appeared before the European Parliament (EP) to express his strong support for the constitutional interpretation of European law launched by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in the new Van Gend en Loos (1963) and Costa v ENEL (1964) judgments. Here the ECJ had controversially assumed the competence to define the relationship between European law and national constitutional orders. By doing so the ECJ sidestepped the respective constitutional clauses of the member states on how to receive international (and European) law. Primary legal norms from the founding treaties, when clear and unambiguous, would have direct effect inside the legal order of the member states as well as primacy vis-à-vis national legislation, whether precedent or antecedent. This was a remarkable breakthrough for a constitutional interpretation of European law.

There is a strong evidence base for the management of perinatal mental illness and all healthcare professionals should be aware of that; women can be offered hope of recovery with treatment.

NHS England and Scotland have published pathways of care for perinatal mental health care, but these do not deal with illness below the threshold of specialist care. Each area needs to develop effective local pathways of care that cover the full spectrum of disease and include all services.

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the building blocks that contribute to the rest of the pathway for women with perinatal mental illness. Although the chapter mainly covers the situation in England, it also gives information about the devolved nations, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

What follows covers principles of teamwork and stepped care.

Chapter 4 focuses on the themes of sacred kingship and prophecy in New Spain’s support for the Bourbon monarchy. It examines how preachers and intellectuals drew upon the long tradition of messianic prophecy to frame Felipe V as a providential ruler destined to inaugurate a new, redemptive age aligned with the prophecies of the thirteenth-century mystic Joachim de Fiore. Orators in New Spain tapped into both European and American prophetic traditions to suggest that Bourbon rule marked the arrival of a long-awaited third era of Christian history. Using Old Testament genealogies, especially the lineage of David and Jesse, preachers positioned Felipe V within a sacred genealogy that linked the Spanish Crown to biblical kingship. This chapter argues that these narratives were more than rhetorical flourish—they constituted a powerful ideological tool, allowing contemporaries to reimagine the imperial transition as divinely ordained and embedded in eschatological time.

Substance misuse is defined as the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and nicotine. Substance misuse in the perinatal period may also increase the risk of adverse maternal and child sequelae. These include reduced engagement with antenatal care and obstetric and neonatal complications such as low birth weight and prematurity. Substance misuse has also been implicated in maternal deaths in the UK; 23% of those who died between 2019 and 2021 were smokers and 14% were using other substances. Clearly, studying longer-term outcomes in offspring is challenging, with small sample sizes and unmeasured confounding factors characteristic of many of the studies in this area. Despite this there is some evidence from prospective, longitudinal birth cohorts that maternal substance misuse is associated with a range of emotional and behavioural difficulties in exposed children and even in a recent US cohort with future substance misuse at age 30.

In this chapter we discuss how psychiatrists and other healthcare professionals can support families affected by substance misuse, from the pre-conception period, through pregnancy and in the postpartum.

Optimising women’s mental health at the time of conception, as a means of improving pregnancy outcomes, is of increasing interest. Women with pre-existing or new onset mental illness in the perinatal period, like those with pre-existing or new onset physical health conditions, are considered as high-risk pregnancies. Strategies to mitigate pre-conception risk factors are emerging from the evidence linking pre-conception health to pregnancy and birth outcomes. Yet data on the prevalence and effectiveness of psychiatric preconception health and care remain scant and inconclusive. The remits of pre-conception advice extend beyond the dilemma of prescribing psychotropic medication in childbearing women. Pre-conception counselling can inform women of the physiological and emotional changes occurring in pregnancy, explore expectations about parenthood and evaluate how the woman’s own experience of being parented may affect her parenting style. Equipping women and their partners with unbiased information through specialist advice will empower them to make an informed decision about their reproductive choices.

The aim of this chapter is to provide a best practice framework to guide pre-conception mental health advice to women with a mental illness. It will not detail the evidence on the association between the exposure of psychotropic medication and adverse outcomes.

In this chapter, we study the p-Laplacian evolution equation for p > 1, that is, the gradient flow of the p-Cheeger energy. Our goal is to use the Hilbertian theory of gradient flows to provide a notion of weak solution to the gradient flow associated to the p-Cheeger energy and prove their existence and uniqueness for initial data in L2. We assume that the metric space is complete and separable and that the associated measure is finite on bounded sets (we keep this assumption throughout the whole chapter). Then, Ambrosio, Gigli, and Savaré proved that the p-Cheeger energy is convex and lower semicontinuous; since it’s the domain of definition is dense in L2 as it contains Lipschitz functions with bounded support, by the Brezis–Komura theorem, for every initial data in L2, there exists a unique strong solution to the abstract Cauchy problem. Our goal is to introduce a notion of weak solutions, improving upon the above definition; we will express the subdifferential of the p-Cheeger energy in terms of the differential structure due to Gigli presented in Chapter 1.

The only form of knowledge about ethnicity that officially and permanently attaches to individuals in Kenya is the register of citizens kept by the National Registration Bureau, which issues ID cards. In this chapter, I briefly trace the history of the ID card in colonial labour control practices (not civil registration), but focus on the deeply ambiguous role of ethnicity in registration over recent years. I show how there is a disconnect between the lack of a place for ethnicity in law or regulation surrounding IDs, yet its continued presence in practice. I then examine several cases of minority ethnic community leaders engaged in what I call ‘code seeking’, where they successfully lobbied for recognition as ‘tribes of Kenya’ as a path to securing ID cards – de facto proof of citizenship for people otherwise stateless. However, I also show that other people, in this example, the Galje’el people, a sub-clan of Somalis, have not been and likely will not be successful with this strategy. This chapter draws our attention to the benefits of both classification and vagueness, while remaining vigilant about their risks.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) describes the mind’s response to severe and sustained environmental adversity, particularly in the early years of life when we are learning about, and developing adaptive responses to, our environment. There is now consistent evidence that our own early experiences predict outcomes in our children, and probably also our children’s children, and that part of this transmission is mediated by our mental well-being as parents during the perinatal period. In most of the published literature in this field, and in the perinatal mental health literature, the mental health problems studied across the generations have not included CPTSD or the symptom profiles associated with the diagnosis. This is mainly because even recently published studies were designed before the inclusion of CPTSD in the WHO International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) or are using the USA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), and/or simply because the researchers involved were not aware of the profound significance of CPTSD to intergenerational and perinatal mental health. We will briefly review what makes CPTSD so important, particularly in the perinatal period, for women and their families, for clinicians and researchers, and indeed for decision-makers across society.

This book comes in two parts; the first, consisting of §§1–7, offers an informal axiomatic introduction to the basics of set theory, including a thorough discussion of the axiom of choice and some of its equivalents. The second part, consisting of §§8–14, is written at a somewhat more advanced level, and treats selected topics in transfinite algebra; that is, algebraic themes where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable.

José Victorino Lastarria (1817–1888) was a Chilean writer and politician closely aligned with the opposition to the three consecutive governments of Joaquín Prieto (1831–1841), Manuel Bulnes (1841–1851), and Manuel Montt (1851–1861). A liberal, he later turned into a Comtean positivist. As a politician, he served in the Congress and later in government as diplomat and cabinet member. A prolific writer, he was the author of Recuerdos literarios (1878), one of the best, if biased, accounts of Chilean intellectual life in the nineteenth century. He was also the author of La América (1865), Lecciones de política positiva (1874), and numerous contributions to the press. The fragment included here is the introduction to his work on the legacies of the colonial past, which he presented at the first anniversary of the inauguration of the University of Chile (1844). He promoted a view of history that saw in the past the guidance for shaping the present and future, meaning specifically the demolition of colonial institutions and ideas. This presentation became a part of a significant debate on the writing of history in the 1840s.

Scholars engaged in comparative research on democratic regimes are in sharp disagreement over the choice between a dichotomous or graded approach to the distinction between democracy and nondemocracy. This choice is substantively important because it affects the findings of empirical research. It is methodologically important because it raises basic issues, faced by both qualitative and quantitative analysts, concerning appropriate standards for justifying choices about concepts. Generic claims that the concept of democracy should inherently be treated as dichotomous or graded are incomplete. The burden of demonstration should instead rest on more specific arguments linked to the goals of research. This chapter thus takes the pragmatic position that how scholars understand and operationalize a concept can and should depend in part on what they are going to do with it. The chapter considers justifications focused on the conceptualization of democratization as an event, the conceptual requirements for analyzing subtypes of democracy, the empirical distribution of cases, normative evaluation, the idea of regimes as bounded wholes, and the goal of achieving sharper analytic differentiation.

Francisco Bilbao (1823–1865) was a Chilean writer and political activist educated at the Instituto Nacional. He rose to notoriety when he published an essay, the “Sociabilidad chilena” (1844), condemning the role of both the Catholic Church and the legacies of colonialism in Chile. He was brought to trial for violating the laws regulating press freedoms. As a result, he left Chile for Europe, where he established contact with Edgar Quinet and Hugues-Félicité Robert de Lamennais and witnessed the European revolutions of 1848. Returning to Chile, he founded the Society of Equality in 1850 and participated in the uprising of April 1851, which led to his exile in Peru, Europe, and Argentina, where he died. His principal works, in addition to “Sociabilidad,” are La América en peligro (1862), and El evangelio americano (1864). The essay included here is representative of his views regarding the radical contradiction between Catholicism and republicanism, which was in turn an expression of his views on the struggle between despotism and freedom.