This chapter describes the law governing transgender girls’ participation in girls’ sports. It compares the interpretations of Title IX’s prohibition on sex discrimination by the Obama and Biden administrations on the one hand and the Trump administration on the other. It explores the state laws regarding transgender girls’ inclusion or exclusion that have arisen against the backdrop of Title IX ambiguity. Finally, the chapter examines what courts have said about what Title IX and the Equal Protection Clause require with regard to transgender girls’ inclusion in or exclusion from girls’ sports.

This chapter explores the role of transnational European law academia in legitimating and promoting the constitutional practice of European law. A transnational academic field of European law emerged through the Fédération Internationale pour le Droit Européen (FIDE) (1961), the rise of European law journals such as the Common Market Law Review (1960s), and the founding of the European University Institute (1978). From the 1960s onwards, European law scholars embraced the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) constitutional interpretation, disseminating this view in multiple academic fora and journals. Despite critiques of ECJ jurisprudence, particularly at FIDE conferences in the 1970s, the field maintained overwhelmingly support for the constitutional interpretation of the ECJ. By the 1980s, as integration efforts gained momentum, European law academia consolidated a constitutional discourse that legitimized the ECJ’s jurisprudence. The field matured in the 1990s, gaining a degree of independence that allowed for increased critical engagement with European law.

Depression is common in the perinatal period and is linked to negative consequences for pregnant and postpartum women and other childbearing individuals and their families, including the potential for long-term adverse outcomes in children. While the clinical approach to depression in pregnancy and postpartum is similar to that of the non-perinatal period in many ways, specific considerations include the role of reproductive hormones in the aetiology of the disorder, unique psychosocial stressors that may precipitate or perpetuate symptoms, and the safety of psychotropic medication in pregnancy and lactation. This chapter is an overview of depression in pregnancy and the first year postpartum, including a summary of its epidemiology, theories about aetiology, presentation, course, outcomes and an approach to management.

This chapter moves from low- and mid-ranking bureaucrats to higher-ranking officials and their ‘great projects’ (al-masharī‘ al-kubra) – the revolution’s signal achievements in governmental media. The chapter describes how this type of achievement was considered extraordinary, given the struggle to coordinate across fragmented and conflicting state institutions. Moreover, the chapter analyses one of the Ministry of Culture’s greatest and longest-lasting projects: to build a new Egyptian human being (binā’ al-insān al-miṣri). I argue that the need to cultivate the Egyptian masses was not purely born from a desire to civilise, but by a political imperative to build a new people to be governed by the revolutionary command. In contrast with Younis’s pejorative description of the people envisaged by the Revolution as a ‘mass’ (gumū‘) or a ‘herd’ (qatī‘), this chapter presents the meliorative side of the same project: the yet-to-exist People as a collection of ‘righteous citizens’ (muwaṭinīn ṣāliḥīn).

In 1984, after her Sikh bodyguards assassinated Indira Gandhi, a revenge pogrom took the lives of over 3,000 Sikhs on the streets of Delhi. Congress Party members led many killer mobs, but some were led by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as well. This is a fact forgotten by history but recorded in newspaper headlines of the day. It was this massacre that set me on the road to fight communalism with my camera. For the next decade, I recorded different examples of the rise of the religious right, as seen in diverse movements from the Khalistani upsurge in Punjab to the glorification of sati in Rajasthan and the movement to replace the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya with a temple to the Hindu god Ram. The material I filmed was very complex and if I had tried to encompass it all into a single film, it would have been too long and confusing. Eventually, three distinct films emerged from the footage shot between 1984 and 1994, all broadly describing the rise of religious fundamentalism and the resistance offered by secular forces in the country. Una Mitran Di Yaad Pyaari (In Memory of Friends), the first film to get completed, spoke of the situation in the Punjab of the 1980s where Khalistanis as well as the Indian government were claiming Bhagat Singh as their hero, but only people from the left remembered the Bhagat Singh who, from his death cell, wrote the booklet Why I Am an Atheist.

This chapter focuses on teaching the formation and analysis of concepts in research, emphasizing the importance of clarity in defining and measuring concepts. It presents a structured approach to conceptual thinking, outlining four steps: formulation, contextualization, operationalization, and measurement. Bussell highlights the role of examples and typologies to deepen understanding and discusses challenges in concept analysis, using “democracy” and “corruption” as primary examples. The chapter underscores the iterative process of concept development and its role in fostering rigorous academic research.

In 1960, William Stokoe provided evidence that signs were not simply gestures; that signs, like spoken words, have abstract internal structures. His discovery provided the first justification for treating sign languages as real languages rather than gesture systems. Subsequent analyses of signs remained consistent with Stokoe’s analysis in that they excluded nonlexical gesturing. Some signs, however, appear to require noncategorical (gestural) specifications for directions and locations. Indicating signs, for example, can be articulated toward people and things in an unlimited number of directions. In addition, depicting verbs appear to be capable of depicting entities at an unlimited number of locations ahead of the signer. Chapter 1 explains how analysts incorporated morphemic spatial loci into their fully morphemic, nongestural analyses of these signs. These analyses were later challenged with partly lexical, partly gestural analyses. This was followed by an increased interest in how signers gesture. As a precursor to justifying the partly lexical, partly gestural analyses, the chapter proposes definitions of gesture and depiction that are applicable to the analyses in the book.

Among the most recent proposals for error corrections there are the Polar codes. These are described in Chapter 10. This chapter describes polar codes, which are block codes designed for simplifying the implementation of the decoder. Specifically, polar codes are designed assuming a successive cancellation (SC) decoder. Channel polarization and subchannel ranking are discussed in this chapter.

This chapter describes infant mental health and why it is important. Those working in perinatal mental health services have a key role in ensuring that it is attended to by assessing and supporting the developing mother-infant relationship. The journey into services and the roles of team members and others are presented. Effective interventions to support the primary and wider family relationships should be offered when required.

As anthropogenic actions are causing the Earth’s temperatures to rise, the oceans too are warming, accelerating the melting of the polar icecaps, which in turn affects rising sea levels on a global scale. In the Pacific region, higher sea levels cause increasingly severe and frequent flooding from high for king tides add encroaching so it reads from high tides encroaching on islands and coastal areas king tides to islands and coastal areas. The theatrical performances considered in this chapter are chosen for their representations of melting ice, rising sea levels and changing coastal ecosystems. Considering i-Land X-isle and The Last Resort by performance artist Latai Taumoepeau and Thaw by physical theatre group Legs On The Wall, we explore how 'performance can highlight Australian beach and coastal ecologies that exacerbate existing social and economic inequalities. We ask: what does performance show us about which social and cultural groups are most affected by melting Antarctic ice and rising and warming seas? This chapter explores international attitudes to beaches.

This chapter examines efforts to list Kenya’s ‘minorities’ and ‘marginalised communities,’ categories in the 2010 constitution entitled to affirmative action in government representation, resource distribution and public service employment. These are the first classifications with allocative consequences since colonial times. I examine how these terms are operationalised in legal cases, by government Commissions, and by civil society. I show the impossibility of arriving at a fixed list and illuminate myriad strategies for responding to competing political demands for status. These are quintessential examples of cultivated vagueness. I show how this enables both generosity in conferring special status and its application in divisive ways. I use three cases of code seeking – Nubian, Wayyu and Sakuye peoples – to further illustrate both how vague codes have become and how politically salient they are. I examine both the limits of classification in this space and explore ways to make them work to benefit marginalised people. I conclude with some alternatives to classification for remedying marginalisation.

This book comes in two parts; the first, consisting of §§1–7, offers an informal axiomatic introduction to the basics of set theory, including a thorough discussion of the axiom of choice and some of its equivalents. The second part, consisting of §§8–14, is written at a somewhat more advanced level, and treats selected topics in transfinite algebra; that is, algebraic themes where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable.