Hindu–Muslim antagonism is one of the main, if not the main, features of the Sangh Parivar's politics. For a long time, this antagonism was considered merely in religious terms. Despite the presence of extensive literature on the economic features and implications of contemporary Hindutva (Bobbio 2017; Chacko 2019; Desai 2011; Gopalakrishnan 2009, 2006; Iwanek 2014; Karat 2014; Kaul 2017; Kumar 2018; Nanda 2011; Patnaik 2019; Saxena and Sharma 1998; Siddiqui 2017; Sinha and Nayak 2021; Spodek 2010), there is a widespread tendency among scholars to consider the Hindu–Muslim rivalry as connected to identity, religious, or communal factors. This chapter aims to prove that an intimate connection between communal and economic factors existed from the colonial period and that communal strife was not determined by religious but by economic causes. It adds to Gyanendra Pandey's (1999) masterly demonstration of how the British constructed communalism by leveraging economic forces. However, Pandey examines only the economic and social transformations brought about by colonization, but does not consider the interrelation between economic and identity factors as part of the colonial game that I foreground in this chapter.

The chapter explains how the British colonizers deliberately targeted Muslim rulers, who throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were the main political and economic competitors of the East India Company (EIC), and that, in order to undermine the powers of the Muslim rulers, they implemented both economic and cultural devices, as well as military and political ones.

The transition to parenthood brings much joy but also challenges and strains to all families. Where mothers are experiencing perinatal mental health disorders, this is an additional challenge which impacts the wider family system. Partners and other family members may have to take on additional responsibilities, manage worries about the mother’s mental health, and potentially deal with their own mental health difficulties. Indeed, partners – including fathers, co-mothers and step-parents – may be particularly vulnerable to poor mental health at this time.

The partners’ mental health is a crucial aspect of family functioning in the perinatal period that can impact on the whole family. Paternal depression and anxiety disorders have implications for family relationships, including the couple relationship, the co-parenting relationship and the relationship with the baby – with potential adverse consequences for child and family outcomes.

Practitioners have a role in supporting prevention of paternal mental health disorders and working to reduce barriers to help-seeking and uptake of support where needed. These practices not only serve to improve the well-being of fathers and partners; well-supported family members who feel included and have their own mental health needs met will also have a significant positive impact on maternal recovery and well-being.

Sexual harassment not only harms survivors; it also has impacts on the team, the organisation and the profession. Harms can include changes in the way teams and individuals interact, which can have a direct impact on the quality of patient care. It can mean survivors and witnesses are less able to be empathic and interpersonally aware, as they are focussed on defensive and protective behaviours. Sexual harassment by a senior colleague changes the way survivors and bystanders see their profession, and this can cause long-lasting harm in their own practice. Many survivors leave or change their workplace, causing workforce deficits and loss of experience and skills. Those survivors who live with intersectional disprivilege provide critical diversity in teams that need to manage a breadth of patient experience. Unfortunately, they are at higher risk of sexual harassment, and so are more likely to leave, restricting the profession’s capacity to respond to community needs across the breadth of the population. The cost is a drop in the capacity of the organisation to provide quality care.

Tax advisors may have helped a meaningful percentage of taxpayers to dodge their taxes, but advertising was a far more powerful medium in mid-century America for signaling the rising respectability of tax dodging. Publicity and advertising provided exposure and exposure helped to demystify, destigmatize, and normalize tax dodging. Although stories about the high-profile tax dodging described in the previous section provided exposure too, advertising suggested that it was not something only available to the rich and famous. Advertising alone may not have changed attitudes toward tax dodging, but it mirrored and reinforced changes in social attitudes toward the practice.

This chapter adopts a biographical approach, highlighting key institutional and legal transformations in the history of European law that came about as a result of the personalities appointed to the European Court of Justice. Through an analysis of primary sources, including archival materials and case law, the chapter explores the social and political backgrounds of judicial appointees and how these shaped the evolution of the court’s jurisprudence and more generally institutional behaviour. By charting the Court’s institutional responses and interactions with the member state, this chapter contributes to a clearer understanding of judicial decision-making and the evolution of the constitutional practice of European law.

This book comes in two parts; the first, consisting of §§1–7, offers an informal axiomatic introduction to the basics of set theory, including a thorough discussion of the axiom of choice and some of its equivalents. The second part, consisting of §§8–14, is written at a somewhat more advanced level, and treats selected topics in transfinite algebra; that is, algebraic themes where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable.

This chapter is authored by Parisa Pakdel, who holds an M.A. in Sociology from Beheshti University in Iran. The chapter focuses on women’s issues, particularly the prevalence of sexual harassment in workplaces. Pakdel delves into the sociological dimensions of sexual harassment experienced by women employees in Tehran hospitals, drawing on extensive sociological research to provide a nuanced examination of its prevalence and dynamics within these healthcare settings. The chapter includes detailed case studies of two victims who endured harassment during their tenure. It underscores the repercussions of inadequate legal safeguards against workplace harassment and sheds light on how organizational frameworks can inadvertently facilitate such misconduct. Furthermore, it explores the challenges victims face in reporting harassment incidents and advocates for systemic reforms aimed at fostering safer and more supportive environments within healthcare settings.

Fundamentally, a psychiatric patient’s relationship with the health professionals treating her depends on developing trust and that trust relies on understanding on both sides: that is why it is so critical for a clinician to have as deep an understanding as possible of his or her patient’s perspective. It’s unusual for a patient with a physical ailment to feel a need to deliberately conceal things from her clinician but this is a common occurrence for women in a perinatal mental health setting. The main reason for this is fear; fear of having her children taken away, fear of being ‘judged’ for wanting to have a child while coping with a chronic mental illness. This chapter will provide an overview of the research I have conducted since 2010 to identify and record the experiences of women in receipt of perinatal mental health services or, in some cases, of women not in receipt of the services they needed.

One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman doctor. This chapter addresses medicine itself as a highly gendered institution, constructed around hegemonic masculinity. How a woman learns to perform gender as it is expected for a doctor involves a complex negotiation regarding her body. She must be both present in and absent from her body - one of the many features placing women doctors at increased sexual risk in the workplace. The chapter delves into the historical context of these challenges and their contemporary implications, highlighting the need for continued efforts to promote gender equity in the medical profession.

Grounded in comparative politics, this chapter presents new theory in comparative political economy: First, it argues that, in the context of technological transition, a legal system that facilitates reassignment of property rights, making certain rights less secure, plays an important and under-theorized role in promoting economic development. It focuses on China’s technological transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial one to highlight the relationship between technology change, reassignment of land rights, and transformative economic growth. The chapter reinterprets England’s post–Glorious-Revolution reassignment of land rights, using enclosure, estate, turnpike, and other parliamentary acts, in light of China’s rise. It also identifies the problem of state misallocation of land resources in the Chinese case. Second, it argues that the authoritarian state also invests in the formal legal system in order to manage conflict over changes in land rights and to legitimate the state. It revisits England’s eighteenth-century use of law, including the Riot Act and Black Act, to contain protest over dispossession and compares it to China’s embrace of authoritarian legality to repress conflict. The chapter defines liberal and illiberal law in both form and content and locates the analysis in the context of the law-and-development movement.

This chapter defines sexual harassment and its key targets and perpetrators to argue that their attitudes and beliefs are the anthesis of medical values and principles – to do not harm. It identifies the costs to the organisations of this sexual harassment and abuse. Adopting a preventative medicine framework we extend the scale and focus of prior work to consider evidence-based SHA interventions. We aim to advance current understanding about SHA and its detection, deterrence and amelioration within the health workforce through a multi-level and multi-stage SHA prevention strategy that collectively impacts up- and down-stream changes for this workforce and their workplaces. We outline five levels at which awareness raising, education and intervention is required – to include primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.