This chapter describes the role of medical regulators including the history of the International Association of Medical Regulatory Authorities (IAMRA). It highlights the common key processes of medical regulation agencies internationally and the standards of practice that are relevant to sexual harassment and abuse of doctors by doctors.

Examples of regulatory standards specifically relevant to sexual harassment and abuse of are drawn from the regulatory frameworks of several different countries illustrating the range which varies from specifically condemning sexual harassment to more generic requirements for good behaviour, productive and respectful collegiality and being aware of power imbalances.

In the final section the author documents typical regulatory processes that occur on receipt of a complaint of sexual harassment or abuse by a doctor as well as the range of responses that may occur if an adverse finding is made against a doctor. The advantage of involving medical regulators is that it allows communication about concern regarding perpetrators found to have failed the standard between jurisdictions and between specific clinical settings.

This book comes in two parts; the first, consisting of §§1–7, offers an informal axiomatic introduction to the basics of set theory, including a thorough discussion of the axiom of choice and some of its equivalents. The second part, consisting of §§8–14, is written at a somewhat more advanced level, and treats selected topics in transfinite algebra; that is, algebraic themes where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable.

This chapter is devoted to presenting some basic results concerning the differential structure on an arbitrary metric space. By a metric measure space, we mean a complete and separable metric space equipped with a non-zero non-negative Borel measure which is finite on bounded sets. In the literature, there are several possible definitions of Sobolev spaces in this setting, most prominently via p-upper gradients, p-relaxed slopes, and via test plans. Under minimal assumptions, all these definitions agree; we present these equivalent approaches in Appendix B and now introduce the most suitable definition for our purposes: the Newtonian space. We also present the definition of functions of bounded variation, their main properties, and discuss how to define the boundary measure of a set of finite perimeter and the relationships between them. In the second half of this chapter, we present the theory of Lp-normed modules and the first-order differential structure on metric measure spaces introduced by Gigli. We also recall the definition of divergence in the metric setting and discuss how to adapt these notions to the case of a sufficiently regular open subset of a metric measure space.

Chapter 2 explores how Bourbon supporters vied for public attention amid a swirl of conflicting news, persistent rumors, and the threat of pro-Habsburg dissent. It reconstructs a “Baroque public sphere” where print culture, spectacle, and oratory intersected with popular engagement. Bourbon officials and clergy used relaciones de suceso (news pamphlets), popular imprints, and sermons to broadcast pro-Bourbon messages, repurposing reports from Spain to cultivate loyalty and reinforce imperial unity in New Spain. Despite censorship, Habsburg sympathizers circulated subversive ideas, often cloaked in coded language. Disloyalty investigations in Mexico City uncover the strategies subjects used to signal political leanings while evading punishment. By tracing how print and oral propaganda moved across space and audiences—absorbed, repeated, contested—this chapter shows how actors across the empire helped construct a shared narrative of Bourbon legitimacy. The imagined community of empire emerged not passively but through conscious engagement with competing voices.

Making decisions about prescribing medication for mental disorders in childbearing women is a task that may have profound and long-lasting implications for a mother and her family, and it is important that prescribers have access to up-to-date summaries and interpretations of research that examines how safe these medications are in pregnancy and lactation.

Because it is not possible to test a drug’s reproductive safety in randomised controlled trials, research has to rely on less rigorous study designs. The inherent difficulties and other methodological problems have meant that interpretation of the evidence has often been difficult. However, the volume and quality of research has dramatically increased in recent years. Current findings concerning antidepressant, antipsychotic and mood-stabilising medication during pregnancy and lactation are summarised in this chapter, and recommendations for clinical practice are made referring to published guidelines where they are available.

Relative clauses are generally introduced in the archaic Indo-European languages by a relative pronoun. In some languages, this pronoun is descended from a form *kwí-/*kwó-, while in others it is descended from a form *yó-. This chapter surveys the syntactic and semantic behaviour of the descendants of these pronouns in the attested languages. This includes a discussion of both their relative and non-relative uses. The author concludes that neither *kwí-/*kwó- nor *yó- can be excluded as a relative pronoun in Proto-Indo- European, and that together they reflect what was a unitary syntactic category in the proto-language: *REL.

This chapter examines recent evidence concerning the need to explicitly intervene with the mother-infant dyad in order to ensure optimal outcomes for the infant where there are concerns about postnatal mental health problems. The chapter describes the importance of dyadic interaction in terms of the capacity of the infant for later affect regulation and wider aspects of development, in addition to evidence concerning the impact of perinatal mental health problems on such interaction. A number of different methods of assessing mother-infant interaction in order to identify whether an intervention is needed are described, in addition to a range of dyadic methods of working that are explicitly focused on improving the interaction.

Early analysts proposed that indicating signs do not indicate. They proposed instead that these signs are directed toward meaningful spatial loci. These analyses are inadequate, however, because they misrepresent the data in their analyses. This chapter argues instead that signers gesturally direct indicating pronouns toward their referents and gesturally direct indicating verbs toward referents that elaborate the verb’s trajector, landmark, or both. More specifically, regardless of the referent’s direction and height with respect to the signer, signers direct the articulations toward specific parts of the referent’s body, with a typical range from the mid-torso to the face. The chapter also examines proposals that utilize spatial loci to account for the articulations of pronouns and verbs that make first person reference. Once again, articulatory details demonstrate the inadequacies of these proposals. This chapter argues instead that gestural indicating plays no role in first person reference; that signs that make first person reference have lexically determined forms. Some first person pronouns and verbs are fully specified, nonindicating lexical forms. Others have the additional ability to indicate not first person referents.

It is well past time to take scholarly disputes about words seriously, for where there’s smoke, there’s fire. Conceptual disagreement is a manifestation of disagreements about ideas. Yet no attempt has been made to measure the degree of conceptual disagreement that exists or to track those concepts identified as essentially contested. Accordingly, it is unclear how one might distinguish contested from uncontested concepts or test propositions about the causes of contestation. This chapter begins by introducing an approach to measuring conceptual contestation within social science. Next, the chapter explore factors that may help to explain variation in conceptual contestation. The characteristics of concepts – their value, abstraction, and normativity – explain most of the variability in conceptual contestation.

Provincial governance was never of great interest to Roman administrators or jurists. This begins to change only when jurists increasingly became administrators exposed to provincial claim. Jurists had to begin thinking about provincial contexts as raising important questions of governance - in particular, that key assumptions about law might be different in a world marked by extractive governance. Key among these is the late second/early third century jurist Ulpian of Tyre. Ulpian begins the process of transforming governance from an array of untheorized practices into something amenable to traditional juristic analysis. As a successful administrator, he did this knowing that such an account was otherwise lacking. His magnum opus, On the Office of the Proconsul, can be seen as an attempt to capture what was distinctly provincial about provincial governance. But Ulpian’s key text can also be read as a response to the challenge of provincial legalism.

That the decade of untrammelled power Narendra Modi enjoyed before losing his majority in his 2024 victory so humiliatingly represented a new phase in the ruinous advance of Hindutva is clear. What is less clear is where the novelty lies. For some, it lies in the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) parliamentary majority, the first for any party since 1984; the centrality of Modi's personality; and the combination of populism, nationalism, majoritarianism, and authoritarianism (Chatterji, Hansen, and Jaffrelot 2019, p. 1). For others, it lies in the Modi regime being a ‘governmental formation with considerable institutional heft that converges with wider global currents and enjoys an unprecedented level of mainstream acceptance’ (Hansen and Roy 2022, p. 1).

These assessments appear staggeringly placid. Under the Modi regime, minorities—Muslims throughout India, Christians in the north-east and Adivasi lands—and dissident intellectuals are systematically persecuted, often to death; working people are assailed by wilfully brutish experiments—demonetization and draconian COVID-19 lockdowns to take the most egregious—leaving lasting damage. Meanwhile, the topmost corporate capitalist class rejoices in sympathetic legislation, light oversight (if any), and aid in foreign operations. To get power and keep it, the government displays ‘unprecedented’ and ‘sweeping disregard for the constitution’, particularly its federalism (Savera 2019), and razes political institutions—the Supreme Court, the Central Vigilance Commission, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)—with the bulldozer of its parliamentary majority.

Criminal punishment captured the imagination. It was a violent process, staged deliberately by the state to demonstrate certain truths about state power. However, these public scenes were susceptible to rewriting by provincial subjects. These subjects fixated on state attempts to define truth by means of judicial violence. Subjects insisted that violence be conditioned on its respect for provincial logos - rational discussions about the nature of any particular act of state violence. They emphasized that the courtroom (rather than the archive) was the most important locus for determining the content of laws and the boundaries of state power and insisted that the courtroom be a space not just for punishment, but communication. Most prolific on this point are early Christian writings about martyrs, which emphasized what they claimed was the Roman state’s incapacity to rationally defend the persecution of Christians. It is found among Jews and pagans as well.