This chapter discusses how questionnaire-based research can be implemented in the English Medium Instruction (EMI) contexts. It presents an empirical study which that examined Chinese EMI university students’ attitudes and motivation (i.e., integrative and instrumental orientations) toward learning content subject knowledge in English. An EMI scale adapted from Gardner’s (2004) Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB), which takes the format of Likert-point scale as explained in Chapter 3 of the this book, was validated and administered to 541 EMI students from three Chinese universities. The validity and reliability of the scale were measured, the correlations of the three dimensions (i.e., attitudes, integrative orientation, and instrumental motivation) were tested, and the role of demographic variables (i.e., gender, level of study, disciplinary background) in EMI attitudes and motivation were explored. The research findings suggest the validity and reliability of the scale, the positive correlations among the three dimensions, and the different degrees of EMI attitudes and motivation between male and female students and between soft science and hard science students. The researchers argue that questionnaire-based research is appropriate for the EMI contexts, but its effectiveness can be enhanced if the mixed methods design is adopted.

Imagine taking a refreshing sip of clean water – a simple act many of us take for granted. Access to clean water is the most basic human right of all. Yet, this fundamental right remains a daily struggle for millions worldwide. Water permeates every aspect of our lives and is receiving world attention as we face escalating threats to our limited water resources due to burgeoning population pressures, life styles and climate change. Water resources planning and management cuts across all sector boundaries and disciplines. Once the domain of civil engineers, today, professionals from all walks of life engage in water- related careers spanning public water supply, agriculture, irrigation, energy, environment and sustainable development. Myriad books and reports on every aspect of water are appearing everywhere. Most are written by water specialists, usually for water specialists. Some, like the media, dwell on the more sensational aspects of increasing floods and droughts, especially as our climate changes.

In writing this book, we are taking a different approach. We want to encourage those who do not wish to become “water experts”, yet would like to go beyond the sensationalist narratives surrounding water to understand better how water affects us all, especially the steps we can take to increase water security. We anticipate our readers will include professionals and students from diverse disciplines who have or are planning careers in the water and water- related sectors. We also write for those stakeholders striving to attain other sustainable development goals (SDGs) in which water plays a part. Our ambition is to cultivate a cross- disciplinary understanding of water's intricate involvement in human activity to help readers align their actions better and create integrated solutions rather than silos and barriers.

We offer an overview of the significant challenges facing every country and describe the work of “water specialists”, which we hope will be accessible and informative to all. We wish to lift the doom and gloom that pervades the water sector by offering solutions, not just problems. There are plenty of innovative actions out there, not just in technology or management fixes, but equally important are changes in how we think about and take care of water. Everyone has a part to play, not just the water specialists.

In this chapter, we mention further results on the approximability of variants or special cases of the traveling salesman problem. We will also briefly mention a few important related problems for which the best-known approximation algorithms use a TSP approximation algorithm as a subroutine.

In particular, we discuss inapproximability results, geometric special cases, the minimum 2-edge-connected spanning subgraph problem, the prize-collecting TSP, the a priori TSP, and capacitated vehicle routing.

Throughout most of the twentieth century, water resources planning was mainly in the hands of civil engineers. They planned, designed and built the infrastructure to monitor, store, control and manage water resources. It was essentially a “top- down” process with little stakeholder involvement, and still is in many countries. However, the impacts of water scarcity, increasing demand and competition among water- using sectors and society's growing awareness and interest in the natural environment have meant that many public and private sector organizations now engage in water- related issues and employ people from various disciplines, many of whom may influence decision- making in managing water resources. Each brings specific knowledge and experience to the table.

By definition, when water is scarce, there is not enough to satisfy everyone's needs. This inevitably brings conflicting demands for water from different sectors, making it an area ripe for misunderstanding and dispute over allocations. In such circumstances, it is vital that everyone understands and appreciates the needs of others, recognizes and agrees on priority allocations and knows when to compromise and negotiate trade- offs. Setting policy and decision- making in the water sector has become immensely challenging and complex, requiring knowledge and understanding of biophysical and socioeconomic systems and processes. This is the essence of IWRM, which is at the heart of the 2030 Agenda and SDG 6 (see Section 2.9).

This chapter offers a starting point for individuals who are relatively new to water resources management and would like to understand better and appreciate how others view water resources. We describe the roles of some key professionals involved in water resources planning and management and what water means to them: hydrologists, water resources planners, river engineers, freshwater ecologists, water engineers (supply and wastewater) and irrigation engineers, working in both developed and developing worlds.

Those already involved and perhaps focused on one aspect of water management may also find it helpful to dip into those water sectors with which they may be less familiar but which may impact on their decision- making. It may also benefit those who indirectly influence decision-making as water users to appreciate how others use water and avoid misunderstandings that can and have led to inappropriate plans with serious financial consequences (Perry & Steduto 2017).

State responsibility is that oddest of international legal institutions, theoretically omnipresent but rarely visible as practical implementation. There is a sense in which the institution appears simply tautologous with the totality of international law itself. Isn’t every legal subject “responsible” for carrying out their obligations? Isn’t it part of the very definition of a legal rule – in contrast to other rules – that it is accompanied by the “responsibility” of the one who breaches them? The word plays tricks on its users: it designates both the rule (“you have a responsibility to do this”) and the consequences of the rule (“breach of obligation entails responsibility”). In such ways, responsibility penetrates all legal thinking and practice, underlining the seriousness of the legal system and the duty of the subjects of that system to comply. And yet it is seldom applied as such. States may readily agree to ex gratia payments to settle disputes with their neighbours – but responsibility is seldom recognized, perhaps to avoid the tone of moral condemnation it may engage.

In exploring ancient apocryphal traditions, we uncover a tapestry of Jesus’s portrayals both converging and contrasting with canonical gospels. These “Jesus books” – infancy, ministry, passion, and dialogue gospels – showcase early Christianity’s narrative dynamism. Apocryphal texts reveal Jesus as a wise or petulant child, challenging Jewish norms or Torah-observant, literate, philosophical, mythological, hell-conquering, and anti-apostolic. These diverse depictions, addressing sociocultural and theological questions of the era, provide alternative or supplementary perspectives on Jesus’s identity and teachings, significantly contributing to our understanding of early Christian diversity and doctrinal development.

In honor of the 100th anniversary of the Federal Arbitration Act, this volume brings together a diverse group of leading scholars and practitioners to celebrate its successes and propose specific reforms. Readers will gain insight into how the Federal Arbitration Act impacts the modern practice of arbitration and how the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Act undermines its fairness. Focusing on domestic, commercial and consumer, as well as securities and labor and employment arbitration, this book provides a roadmap to enhance the fairness and coherence of the Act. The volume is unique in that it serves as the impetus for a law reform project, with over thirty scholars speaking collectively for improvements to the law. More effective than scattershot arguments, this coordinated effort delivers a consistent message to a national audience: that arbitration has become ubiquitous and the law should ensure it is fair and equitable.

Death constitutes a deep life crisis to the living – depending on the departed, to families, communities, and societies. In this chapter, the author discusses the eminent strategies of overcoming this crisis, that is, funeral and burial practices, and the ritual sequences that connect the two. Both the Roman and the Chinese cases have received much scholarly attention. Armin Selbitschka’s chapter distinguishes itself through its comparative perspective and the theoretical charge with which it is enriched from performance theory and sociologies of place. In the study of each culture, careful consideration is given to the historical development across time. Embarking from conceptual debates on the disruption of the social order and the innate capacity of social performances to restore it, he discusses various practices revolving around the dead, including the preparation of the departed, funerary cortèges, and orations. The subsequent section extends the analysis to the inherent meaning of tombs – their place in the urban landscape, their commemorative force, and their embodiment of social hierarchies. In so doing, it reveals a curious spatial dynamics between the funeral’s beginning in the private sphere and its transition into the public arena. Due to the different configuration of public in Rome and in China, Selbitschka in conclusion makes visible the culture-specific traits in the performances that accompanied mourners on their way to the tomb and beyond, into a future where the social crisis of death was resolved, for the time being.

The national populism of the Brexit movement builds up its political worldview on the basis of an ethnocentric myth of continuous homogeneous British nationhood. This was a construct of the imagination that included nostalgia for lost British empire. It was tightly bound up with the Brexiters’ concept of ‘the people’, which brought into their campaign rhetoric the idea of ‘the will of the people’ and ‘the mandate of the people’, as well as ideas from social contract theory. ‘The will of the people’ was a phrase that ran throughout Brexitspeak, deployed by the ex-Remainer Theresa May and ardent Leavers alike, and backed up by the populist press. Brexitspeakers knew what the people’s will was, by implication at least. And the claim that this ‘will’ gave the government an unquestionable mandate followed automatically, despite the narrow margin by which the Leavers had won, and despite the fact that before it the result had been defined as ‘advisory’ only. There was also the question of who precisely constituted ‘the people’ at the referendum, for there were important groups of potential voters who were excluded by the Brexiter-influenced Referendum Act.

Chapter 5 presents the topic of goals, both individual and group. We discuss how goals are formed and the various types of goals we establish. We discuss the difference between operational goals that by definition are actionable, and nonoperational goals that are much less defined. We examine the agendas that members of groups often bring with them to a group and work to pursue. We also discuss the effects that goals can have on the productivity of groups.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), previously called benign angiopathy of the central nervous system, call-Fleming syndrome, or migrainous vasospasm, is a form of transient multifocal arterial vasospasm and vasodilation. The exact pathophysiology of RCVS is unknown; however, it is thought to be due to a temporary dysregulation of cerebrovascular tone.

Monoecious evergreen trees, with a typically conical, tapering crown. The bright yellow–green scale-like foliage is moderately large, with scale leaves arrayed regimentally into often horizontally spreading and remarkably regularly mostly flattened fern-like sprays.

This chapter lays out the theoretical foundations of community policing and highlights evidence gaps in evaluations of community policing’s effectiveness. Community policing is a law enforcement strategy that centers around building trust between police and citizens as well as promoting citizen engagement with authorities in order to advance public safety. The chapter describes the origins of community policing as well as the logic of how it might render the police more effective, primarily through improved information provision from citizens. Despite substantial support for community policing, a systematic review detailed in the chapter reveals significant evidence gaps in evaluations of the effectiveness of community policing interventions such as beat patrols and the police engaging in town hall meetings. The review finds that the evidence gaps are particularly acute with respect to evaluations in Global South communities.

This chapter explores Sino–Soviet cooperation in the early to mid-1950s. The People’s Republic of China’s First Five-Year Plan sought to develop heavy industry by importing advanced technology from the Soviet Union. One-third of the Sino–Soviet collaboration projects were based in Manchuria, utilizing the physical infrastructure inherited from the pre–Chinese Communist Party era. Soviet experts in China and Chinese students and trainees in the Soviet Union played key roles in transferring Soviet technology. By learning from Soviet knowledge and skills and adapting them to suit Chinese conditions, Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) such as Angang gradually reduced their technological dependence on the Soviet Union while supporting other SOEs across China.

Farage also used ‘we’ to show that he identified with ‘the people’. The ideas underlying this phrase need to be understood in their historical context, since they vary depending on particular national histories, but all share a common ancestor in ancient Greek and Roman thinkers. British democracy needs to be traced back to British thinkers such as Buchanan, Hobbes and the philosophers of the Enlightenment. This is relevant because the historical discourse surrounding the phrase ‘the people’ was central to the development of democracy, and is continuous with today’s challenges to it. The various notions of ‘the people’ were connected with the ‘sovereignty of the people’ and the ‘sovereignty of parliament’, the latter being expressly challenged by populist parties like UKIP, in favour of direct democracy, and the same trend was evident in the post-referendum governments. The expression ‘the common people’ played an important role in British political discourse. Its early meaning changed radically until it was replaced by ‘ordinary people’, which in the Brexiter demagoguery was equated with ‘the people’, in opposition to ‘the elite’.

Representing 5–10% of all strokes, idiopathic subarachnoid hemorrhages are most commonly caused by ruptured intracranial saccular aneurysms (~80%), with the remainder caused by vascular malformations and ruptured mycotic/infective aneurysms. Subarachnoid hemorrhage can also be seen with co-occurring intracerebral hemorrhage and trauma.