This chapter shows how Enlightenment theology moved beyond its academic and ecclesiastical contexts to become part of a larger campaign for reform. Advocates of a new system of educating and training clergymen turned to the public sphere and cast their project as a continuation of the Reformation. Intended as a rhetorical strategy to solidify support among a Protestant public that was open to a less stringent and dogmatic Christianity than that of Lutheran Orthodoxy or Pietism, Enlightenment theologians paved the way for a fruitful reinterpretation of the Protestant past. The chapter provides an overview of the theological innovations of Halle theologian Johann Salomo Semler (1725–1791), which formed the backbone of much of Enlightenment theology (or “Neology” as it is frequently labeled). The chapter shows how public controversies about binding doctrines led to a series of public assertions that had the rhetorical effect of recasting the historical understanding of the Reformation.

When examining any form of recorded synchronous human interaction – be it casual or institutional – conversation analysts monitor for, and organize collections of target phenomena around, structural position: Where on a transcript and when in an unfolding real-time encounter does a participant enact some form of conduct? This chapter demonstrates the importance of paying close attention to structural position as requisite for understanding how participants design their conduct to be recognizable as particular social actions in interaction. After first considering how to identify the position of participant conduct, this chapter presents several forms of evidence that an action takes on different meaning based upon how it is positioned, including how the position of a silence affects its meaning; the reflexive relationship between position and turn design; and the position of an action within a sequence, explicating how CA work on preference organization necessitates analyses of how participants position both their sequence-initiating and sequence-responding actions. To exemplify how structural position can serve as a key avenue leading directly to findings about the orderliness of human action, this chapter describes how its author has gone about analyzing participants’ positioning of sequence-initial actions in both institutional and casual interactions.

This uninhibited book of Collingwood’s rounds off his contribution to philosophy in a fiercely personal style. Declaring his unbounded admiration for the Leviathan of Hobbes and following its fourfold structure, Collingwood offers a systematic account of man, society, civilization, and “barbarism” – the last being understood as active hostility towards civilization, or revolt against it. Collingwood’s thoughts on the meaning of “society” and “civility,” as well as on questions of peace and war, remain very much alive; of particular interest here are his distinction between “eristic” and “dialectical” approaches to disagreement, and his conception of a body politic as the scene of a “dialectical” relationship between social and non-social elements. Other discussions impose greater distance on a modern reader – among them his briskly affirmative treatment of the role of a “ruling class,” of our entry into a presumed “social contract,” and of the “intelligent exploitation of nature.”

An overview of General Relativity is provided to a basic level. Its different nature with respect to the Newtonian Universal Gravitation is outlined. A cursory resume of the post-Newtonian approximation and its importance in testing Einstein’s theory is offered. A brief overview on the modified models of gravity that appeared in the last decades is outlined. A plan of the book is provided.

Tall and often narrow evergreen trees of typically acutely tapering outline, densely furnished throughout with clumped masses of profuse linear, soft-textured foliage held in conspicuously radiating whorls, like the spokes of an umbrella.

This chapter considers what effects language death (otherwise, language shift) might have upon language change, both in the language which is losing speakers and in those which are gaining them. Theory is tested against experience. The largely psycholinguistic concept of language attrition is introduced as a means of demonstrating how individual speakers might ‘lose’ their language over time. Potential differences in terms of survival and effect between immigrant and autochthonous languages are discussed. Effects of dominant language on dominated, and vice versa, are also analysed. The case study, on Shetland Norn, illustrates a number of the issues considered.

Also called paramedian midbrain syndrome, Benedikt syndrome is a lacunar stroke syndrome of the base and tegmentum of the midbrain, named after Austrian neurologist Moiz Benedikt, who detailed the signs in a lecture in 1889.

Locked-in syndrome is a notorious and devastating result of an extensive injury to the basis pontis (e.g., infarction or hemorrhage) that damages the bilateral descending corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts with relative sparing of the sensory pathways and critical reticular nuclei necessary for arousal.

Can ‘digitalisation’ (the process of running business through procedures that take place in digital format) contribute to the green transition? If so, to what extent? The European Union (EU) has recently embraced the idea of synergically combining climate policies and digitalisation, whereby the digital transformation becomes a key tool to achieve net zero carbon emissions. Arguably, while there are manifold advantages in improving, for instance, energy distribution via smart grids, digitalisation also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. It is therefore necessary to strike the right balance and understand how to best harness digitalisation to implement the green transition. Notably, it is essential that the EU monitor the impact of digitalisation on the overall energy demand to avoid an excessive increase in energy consumption. Arguably, the EU can profitably couple a holistic embracement of digitalisation as the panacea to climate challenges with a ‘learn-by-doing’ approach, setting a variety of real-world experiments across supply chains to test the viability of its digital policy, in close collaboration with stakeholders.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder characterized by intermittent or continuous hyperkinetic involuntary movements caused by the use of neuroleptic medications, specifically dopamine receptor antagonists, a common mechanism of antipsychotic medications. Though most commonly seen in patients taking dopamine receptor blocking medications, TD can also be seen in patients taking antihistamine and serotonergic medications. These abnormal movements are often most prominent in the orofacial and lingual muscles (lip-smacking, tongue protrusion), though can be seen in the upper- and lower-extremities, nuchal, and truncal muscles. The specific involuntary movements experienced in TD can vary widely between patients, and can include choreiform, dystonic, and stereotyped movements, as well as motor and/or vocal tics and akathisia, particularly in the legs.

Christianity is often misconceived as a Western/white religion Europeans imported to Africa. In contrast, this chapter outlines Africans’ participation in the story of Jesus from the first century to the twenty-first. Four episodes from Acts serve heuristically in surveying Christ-devotion in African Christianity, integrating formal and informal expressions of Christology. With Africa now a heartland of the gospel, the contributions of African Christians demonstrate the universality of the gospel translated into African thought-forms and contextual realities.

The epilogue critically assesses how successful the ruling elites were in their republican project of turning peasants, laborers, and day laborers into modern citizens through consumption and economic integration. This critique proceeds by emphasizing the tensions between plebeian and elite attitudes toward consumption and citizenship by the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. It also invites global historians and historians of Latin America to ask new questions about capitalism and globalization “in the margins” by studying consumption from below, so as to interrogate the entrenched narratives of underdevelopment and dependency that still permeate our historical interpretations about Latin America today.

Chapter 2 provides a review of the fundamentals of Earth Science needed to understand the plate tectonic model. It provides an overview of the different kinds of forces involved in geoscience and continues on to stress, deformation and strain rate. The chapter explores the global stress pattern of the uppermost crust, shows how such information is retrieved, and discusses how it relates to the plate tectonic model. In this context, deformation structures such as faults, fabrics, folds and shear zones are briefly reviewed. Rheology, which relates to how the different parts of our planet react to stress, is also discussed. Further, simple models for rheological variations or profiles through the outer part of the planet are discussed, as such profiles strongly influence how lithospheric plates deform.

West syndrome is an infantile epileptic encephalopathy syndrome, typically seen between the ages of 3 months and 1 year, consisting of the triad of infantile spasms, psychomotor deterioration, and a characteristic interictal EEG pattern known as hypsarrhythmia. This pattern consists of very large amplitude, irregular slow waves, superimposed on a disorganized background with multifocal spikes.