More than five million individuals in North America experience an episode of critical illness annually, and among those who survive, as many as a third experience substantial cognitive impairment, which often lasts long after discharge and can be permanent. While cognitive impairment after critical illness has been widely studied for two decades, much remains unknown, and the insights that have been generated by research often fail to inform clinical care. Key issues germane to understanding and optimally treating ICU survivors with cognitive deficits include: improving methods of early detection and screening, honing and implementing cognitive rehabilitation strategies, and better understanding the trajectories of impairments observed in patients. Prioritizing the brain health of individuals after critical care both through prevention and thoughtful interventional efforts remains a key public health goal and one that can only be accomplished through careful and deliberate interdisciplinary efforts.

All teachers are in some way involved in the assessment of their learners, whether it be informal classroom-based assessments or preparing them for external examinations. This chapter offers cases that raise dilemmas teachers face when their work relates to language learner assessment. It covers topics such as too much internal assessment, the pressure of external public examinations, post-entry university language assessment, and students copying off each other.

This chapter explores the relationship between voter migration and the political landscape in Zimbabwe. The chapter shows that the profiles of migrants often match the profiles of opposition voters: urban, educated, and younger. Upon exiting, these migrants forfeit their voting rights, as Zimbabwe does not permit voting from abroad, and the costs associated with returning home to vote can be prohibitive. Despite this disenfranchisement, migrants continue to engage with the politics of their homeland by raising awareness, writing for media outlets, and supporting local activists, thereby maintaining a form of political participation. ZANU-PF benefits from a migration exit premium of up to ten percent in elections between 2000 and 2010. This chapter also draws from examples of countries where diaspora votes directly impacted the election outcome to contrast the challenges in Zimbabwe.

An intensive care unit admission (ICU) can have a profound impact on patients and their families and loved ones. Most people experience heightened emotions, both negative and positive, during their time in the ICU. We know that the experiences that patients have in the ICU affect their psychological recovery and quality of life after hospital discharge. Risk factors for later psychological difficulties include acute stress and disturbing memories associated with the ICU; clinical factors, such as duration of sedation and delirium; and socio-demographic factors, such as age, gender, and socio-economic status. Patients have to deal with a range of challenges in the ICU, including illness-related, environment-related, and interpersonal stressors. ICU staff, including psychologists, should recognize common sources of distress and aim to alleviate patients’ stress through enhanced communication techniques and psychological interventions. Studying the coping strategies of patients who have a more positive experience during their time in the ICU is a promising way to help reduce stress and improve outcomes of intensive care.

In data-driven learning (DDL), learners discover how words or phrases are used by analysing corpus data with tools like concordancers. This makes it a direct application of corpus linguistics in language learning and teaching. This chapter examines the use of ColloCaid, a DDL writing assistant for academic writing, and explores how learners’ perceptions of this tool can inform future corpus applications. After discussing the challenges and opportunities of DDL adoption for learning and teaching, a diary study with twelve academic writers working or studying at a university in Catalonia evaluates how well ColloCaid addresses these challenges. Results suggest that while DDL tools help reduce data overload, they still pose technical challenges, even when user friendliness was a central consideration in their design. An analysis of participant diary entries and responses to follow-up interviews highlights closer integration with word processors and other everyday productivity software as a potential solution. More broadly, the results suggest that the evaluation of corpus-based tools should focus on their usability as well as their effectiveness for learning, take place beyond the classroom in ecologically valid contexts, and consider a variety of text types beyond typical academic genres such as abstracts, essays, and reports.

This chapter is devoted to fleshing out the empirical basis for the claims and counter-claims found within debates about ethnic minority electoral participation. It is divided into four principal themes. First, it looks at the nature and function of electorally-based routes to political participation and influence in relation to some of the main alternatives facing minority communities. Secondly, the chapter turns to examine evidence from 1997 on electoral registration and eligibility. Thirdly, it considers evidence on electoral turn out, noting not merely the evidence from the 1997 election but also the large volume of more locally-based empirical research carried out over many years on this theme. Finally, the chapter also contains an extended discussion of the alienation hypothesis that has featured so prominently in debates over minority participation.

The fifth chapter of Invisible Fatherland examines the relationship between the Weimar Republic’s symbolic legitimacy and far-right political violence. It focuses on the assassination of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau by nationalist fanatics in June 1922. The chapter explores how the republican government rallied public support and reinforced the republic’s authority. Rathenau’s state funeral and pro-democratic mass rallies united Germans across class and faith in mourning and defiance. The republic’s response framed the murder as part of a broader pattern of far-right violence, implicating even the more respectable factions of the far right in extremist crimes. This framing allowed Weimar democrats to discredit their political opponents and strengthen democratic alliances. The chapter argues that Rathenau’s funeral marked a pivotal moment when a democratic symbolism of sacrifice and solidarity emerged. This moment shows how symbolic acts can fortify democratic ideals during periods of political crisis.

This chapter re-examines slavery and abolition in the writing and reception of the Declaration of Independence. Far from being marginal parts of the nation’s founding document, as previous generations of scholars asserted, both slavery and abolition proved to be essential to the making and meaning of the Declaration. Indeed, during and after the American Revolution, the Declaration testified to the nation’s high abolitionist ideals and the enduring problem of slavery in American statecraft. By examining not only Jefferson’s ideas about black freedom in the Revolutionary era but a wide range of reformers who meditated on it as well – including African American writers and reformers like Benjamin Banneker – this essay argues that the Declaration itself remains a testament to the conflicted nature of emancipation in the American mind.

The image in Plate 13 is now housed in the City Museum of Münster. The museum dates it to 1491. On the back, their website informs us, is the name of an otherwise unknown painter, Seewald. The museum lists it as “Faces without Eyes,” in which the eyes of all but Christ and two others have been “carefully removed such that one can often see the wood beneath.” The online description glosses the removal of the paint designating eyes as “destructions,” evoking “the immediate association” of “iconoclasts of the Reformation period.” As the Museum’s website suggests, there is a long tradition of using the word “iconoclasm” to name a part of what happened in the sixteenth century and a rich and dense body of scholarship on “the destruction of art.” But, as the painting materializes, the word has never fit as a name for what Evangelicals did.

The German Empire, which had been proclaimed in 1871, collapsed at the end of the First World War. Weeks later, in January 1919, German voters elected a National Assembly to draft a new, republican constitution. Needless to say, the traumas of the Nazi era have triggered major debates over the origins and rise of National Socialism which, if acrimonious on occasion, have ultimately led to an accumulation of knowledge and a deepening of our understanding of the subject. Nazism has found no advocate or defender among established academics or within the intellectual mainstream. After setting the theme in a wider context and surveying the relationship between National Socialism and the established parties and institutions of Weimar, this book focuses on the Nazis themselves. The grim consequences of evocation of national solidarity make any study of Nazism a profoundly discomforting task.

This chapter discusses how far Labour's historic electoral advantage can be explained by class, in policy or in cultural terms. This debate forms the core of the second section of the chapter. The electoral integration of ethnic minorities is a question that partially hangs upon testing how far minority partisanship is influenced by or insulated from the sources of political difference that are found in the white electorate. The third section of the chapter is concerned with exploring this question and includes some discussion of evidence of convergence and divergence among and between minority and white voters. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion of the campaign themes and priorities of the main political parties in appealing to minority voters alongside more broad-based campaign messages aimed at voters at large.

Jane was in imminent danger of an impending thyroid storm from her goiter and was experiencing intermittent psychosis. The clinical team was focusing on capacity evaluations as they found Jane to be angry, hostile, and difficult, and believed an involuntary hold was necessary as she was not consistently consenting to the surgery and trying to leave. As soon as Jane had the thyroidectomy she would return to her baseline as if nothing had happened. When I was training, I shared with a few close colleagues and mentors my nervousness about how I would be received as a clinical ethicist. I was cognizant that there would be some patients who may not appreciate my disability or see it as of value. In reality, Jane had a big ally in me and my disability helped me untangle some aspects of the case in a way that validated her experience. Nonetheless, clinical ethicists have a responsibility to actively assess and check for implicit bias within ourselves. As we caution our clinical colleagues not to be paternalistic in their practice, we, too, must not be paternalistic in ours.