This chapter examines production in the short run using a vertically (hyper-)integrated analysis, building upon the concepts introduced in previous chapters. It starts by analyzing a simplified economy where production is carried out with labour alone. This simple yet illustrative case provides a foundation for comparing the Smithian pure labour theory of value with Keynes’s principle of effective demand.

The chapter then examines the overall conditions necessary for achieving full employment, transitioning to a more complex scenario where production involves both labour and capital goods. It delves into the physical stocks and flows of the economic system, as well as the structure of prices that emerges from these interactions.

The chapter concludes by outlining the equilibrium conditions and presenting a crucial step towards dynamic analysis, setting the stage for exploring production in a more flexible and evolving economic context.

The final chapter of the book argues for a reorientation of priorities between the rule of law and tempered power, better to serve their common purpose. It is its potential contribution to tempered power that makes the rule of law matter, for and to the extent that it is among the possible and variable means that might help us achieve that goal. Thinking this way might involve displacing the rule of law from the centrality it has come to assume in lawyers’ offices and international press releases. However, it might help us focus more clearly on what we value it for, and what it might need to do, and combine with, to deliver that valued end. With that end in mind from the start, we might proceed with more specificity, precision, and nuance to ask what – along with other things though perhaps in distinctive, often indispensable ways – it might be able to contribute, where, when, and how. It is in everyone’s interest that power be tempered (though intemperates are reluctant to admit it), and so it is in everyone’s interest to seek out every which way that can be done.

Chapter 6: Celebrating and Collecting. Costly Greek dedications such as the Charioteer group in Delphi preceded Hellenistic and Roman processions and triumphs – showcases for antique Greek statuary in Rome. Public displays of Roman emperors, and the private collections of Verres, Cicero, and the Younger Pliny are known primarily from literary sources. Piso’s private collection of statuary, however, survived largely intact until its rediscovery in the eighteenth century. Technical features and analyses help us to categorize works that were purchased from local workshops. We also find sculptures in transit, in ships of unknown origin that were carrying art to Italy and North Africa but that went down before reaching their destinations. Single or multiple objects from their cargoes have been netted by fishermen in the present day and in antiquity. A Roman relief from Ostia foreshadows the discovery and contents of the Artemision shipwreck in the early twentieth century.

This chapter examines audit and quality improvement (QI) as essential processes for enhancing healthcare delivery. Clinical audit is defined as a systematic review of care against explicit standards, while QI encompasses broader strategies aimed at continuous, measurable improvement in outcomes and systems. The audit cycle is explained, including identifying standards, measuring performance, implementing changes, and re-auditing to assess impact. QI methodologies such as Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles, Lean, and Six Sigma are outlined, with discussion of their applicability in healthcare settings. Strengths of audit and QI include their direct impact on patient care, promotion of accountability, and encouragement of a culture of improvement. Challenges include variable engagement, limited resources, and ensuring that improvements are sustained. Practical examples illustrate successes in areas such as infection control, prescribing practices, and service delivery. The chapter highlights the importance of leadership, teamwork, and stakeholder involvement in driving meaningful change. It concludes by positioning audit and QI as complementary approaches, both integral to delivering safe, effective, and patient-centred care. This chapter maps to syllabus section 5.1, which covers audit, clinical governance, and quality improvement methodologies.

This chapter historicizes the African American undertaker in Baltimore, Maryland, a city where the Black-owned and operated Mount Auburn Cemetery created a ripe death industry for African American undertakers to enter and thrive in. As a death industry site that goes back to 1807, Mount Auburn Cemetery suggests the importance of Baltimore to the death trade. Apprenticed as carpenters and labored as hired drivers and sextons, early Black undertakers claimed an occupation within an expansive cooperative of laborers who all mutually benefited within the death trade. Nineteenth-century gendered norms shaped early Black undertaking, often omitting Black women from this history. By discussing the cultural, social, local, and gendered forces that started the trade – illustrating how undertaking was much more than a solitary, male endeavor – the chapter inserts Black women back into the narrative of undertaking that they helped to create and sustain. This chapter shows how it was the wives who helped to start these entrepreneurial undertaking efforts, and it was the wives, daughters, and sisters who sustained and furthered their legacy after the patriarchs passed away.

When we think about inclusion in early childhood education, our minds often turn immediately to children with disabilities. While supporting children with diverse abilities remains crucial, true inclusion extends far beyond this single lens. Inclusion is fundamentally about creating environments where every child, regardless of their cultural background, family circumstances, language or life experiences, can belong, participate and thrive.

This chapter introduces a general multi-sector dynamic model that incorporates non-uniform technical change and demand patterns, building upon the vertically (hyper-)integrated analysis developed in previous chapters. Departing from a situation of equilibrium, with full employment and full capacity utilization, postulates specific movements through time for key variables: population, sectoral labour productivity, and per-capita demand coefficients. It highlights that demand coefficients for new investments are not exogenous but determined by the equilibrium conditions of the system.

The chapter then derives the capital accumulation conditions and the effective demand condition for maintaining full employment over time. It shows the impossibility of automatically maintaining full employment in the face of non-uniform technical change and demand evolution. As a consequence, full employment must become an actively pursued target of macroeconomic policy, requiring continuous adjustments to counterbalance the effects of technical progress.

Finally, the chapter explores the structural dynamics of physical quantities, relative prices, employment, capital/output ratios and capital/labour ratios. It underscores the asymmetry between physical quantities and prices, highlighting the need for a numéraire for the price system and the implications of different choices. It introduces the concept of a “dynamic standard commodity,” analogous to Ricardo’s “invariable standard of value”.

This chapter explores the construction of Twa as global development subjects within the Rwandan context and asks how they position themselves within that landscape, formed by the intersection of the global development narrative and Rwanda’s unity and reconciliation agenda. This chapter interrogates the state’s development narrative in the context of the global development discourse and examines its ability to offer a believable and accessible vision of progress. The Twa in our study push back against the de-politicising effect of development and its processes, whereby the emphasis is placed on the individual and their mind-set. However, they do so not to emphasise their ethnic apartness but to assert their right to the attributes of Rwandanness, notably land. Their answer is thus not to refuse to participate in the modern Rwanda but actively to seek it by demanding equal care.

This chapter engages with a Colombian performance action by a group called Cuerpos Gramaticales, or Grammatical Bodies. Members of the collective symbolically sow themselves in public places, planted for six hours with their lower bodies under mounds of dirt and their upper bodies rising as trunks, stems, and leaves from the earth. The action is undertaken to denounce violence, achieve collective catharsis, and (re)align relationships among body, territory, and memory. That is, it is an exercise putting the body at the center of a project to restructure – and to synthesize – ethical, spiritual, ecological, and political grammars that guide sensemaking about violence, life, and death in Colombia. The action was first initiated to denounce a joint state-paramilitary urban massacre two years before Colombia ratified peace accords ending a fifty-three-year armed conflict with its oldest guerrilla army. The chapter discusses actions taken in the early stages of the accords’ implementation, as surviving kin of victims of state-perpetrated crimes against humanity struggled to make state and society acknowledge the significance of their loved ones’ lives and the cruelty of their deaths.

This chapter explores research ethics, emphasising the principles and processes that safeguard participants and ensure integrity in health research. Foundational ethical principles, including respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, are outlined, with reference to historical abuses that shaped modern ethical frameworks. The UK system for research governance is described, including the role of Research Ethics Committees (RECs), the Health Research Authority (HRA), and the Integrated Research Application System (IRAS). The process of ethical review, informed consent, data protection, and considerations for vulnerable populations are explained. Common challenges such as balancing risks and benefits, managing conflicts of interest, and ensuring transparency are discussed. The chapter highlights the ethical obligations of researchers throughout the study lifecycle, from protocol development to dissemination of results. Practical guidance is provided for preparing applications, engaging with RECs, and addressing feedback. By situating ethical principles within the regulatory framework, the chapter underscores the importance of embedding ethics into all stages of research. *This chapter maps to syllabus section 3.5

How should we view the relationship between ethics and economics? One of the most salient differences between the two—at least as they are traditionally conceived—involves the different intentions or motivations of agents. They are often regarded as mutually exclusive: ethical motives are other-regarding, while economic ones are self-regarding (and perhaps selfish). If markets give rise to material benefits and, furthermore, those benefits are a consequence of market agents pursuing their self-interest, does that mean we must accept the legitimacy of selfishness or greed? In this chapter we suggest that this picture is too simplistic. We accept that self-interest in the marketplace gives rise to material benefits, and hence we accept forms of behaviour that might elsewhere (in other areas of social life) be condemned, but our analysis shows that morality still has a role to play. This is the moral leeway approach at work, and it involves distinguishing between different varieties of the profit motive.