Climate change is an important existential issue for our time. This book is an anthology of readings about climate change science. The rationale for writing this book is that some universities are now beginning to require all undergraduate students to take an approved climate change course. The book is for students who may lack strong mathematical backgrounds or may not have taken some science courses. It also for the general reader who wants to understand climate change science. The book has no equations and no technical jargon and no complex charts or graphs. Anyone who can read a newspaper can read this book. The book explains how the climate change issue has developed over many decades, how the science has progressed, how diplomacy has proven unable to find a means of limiting global emissions of heat-trapping substances such as carbon dioxide created by burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and how the forecast of the resulting climate change has become more worrisome.

This chapter lays out a more complete software framework, including a high-performance simulator. It discusses transpilation, a powerful compiler-based technique that allows seamless porting of circuits to other frameworks. The methodology further enables the implementation of key features found in quantum programming languages, such as automatic uncomputation or conditional blocks. An elegant sparse representation is also being introduced.

The Body Image in Pregnancy Scale (BIPS; Watson et al., 2017) provides a comprehensive assessment of dissatisfaction and preoccupation with appearance and physical function, perceived sexual attractiveness, and behavioral consequences of pregnancy-related changes to physical appearance. Where other measures of body image during pregnancy typically have narrower focus, BIPS is intended to cover a wide range of common body image experiences identified in prior qualitative and quantitative studies. BIPS offers flexibility for users; it is freely available to use, either in online or in-person format, and takes approximately 5-10 minutes to complete. The measure has been validated for use in a range of languages, including English, Turkish, and German, and has good factorial structure and reliability. This chapter details this psychometric evidence, as well as providing a full list of BIPS items and instructions for scoring.

Voltage and current sources, both independent and dependent, are introduced, along with resistors and their equivalent circuit laws. The Thevenin and Norton theorems are presented. Several examples of resistor applications are given. Various techniques for solving circuit problems are discussed, including Kirchhoff’s laws, the mesh loop method, superposition, and source transformation. Input resistance of measuring instruments is discussed and the various types of AC signals are presented.

Many young artists try their hand at a variety of creative forms. Even those who know their passion early on may still dabble a bit in related domains, often fueled by the need to explore different artforms and endless curiosity. Many artists might use insights or skills learned in one domain throughout their career, even if they ultimately do not keep creating in that area. Some artists whose stories are told in this chapter kept shifting areas into college and young adulthood. Most stayed within the arts, but some found their way to the arts from other areas from sports to science. Other times, artists will work across multiple domains for their whole career.

We provide an overview of some recent results, relating holomorphic symmetric differentials, semiampleness of vector bundles, and various kind of characterizations of parallelizable manifolds.

This chapter begins by returning to a key moment for conceptions of medical progress in the context of civil rights movements when a new awareness of the insufficiencies of medical progress as “merely” scientific knowledge gains led to a sustained interest in knowledge that was empowering for patients. Amid the growing numbers of people who challenged the focus on scientific progress, many turned to freedom as a new concept for grounding progress in medicine. At times, this went together with more holistic views of personhood and health and the desire to put self-determination at the heart of theories of progress. Other, related trends acknowledged the potential contradictions between freedom and progress head-on and argued that taking individual freedom seriously implied challenging traditional, scientific/technological forms of medical progress. The chapter concludes with a detailed examination of several recent instances, including personalized medicine, in which technological progress is presented as being highly compatible with individual empowerment and liberation.

The urgency of acting to limit climate change has nothing to do with politics or economics. Instead, it arises directly from the physics and chemistry of the climate system. Carbon dioxide, once it is added to the atmosphere, will remain there a long time. Some of it will remain in the atmosphere for centuries until natural processes remove it. Thus, it will be there essentially forever, if we think in terms of the implications on human time scales. The only known way to prevent atmospheric carbon dioxide amounts from increasing further is simply to cease emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. That is why acting swiftly to make large reductions in global emissions, in order to limit climate change, is urgent. Yet very little significant progress has occurred toward actually making the large cuts in global emissions of heat-trapping gases that would be needed to stabilize climate. Without drastic and rapid cuts in emissions, our children and their descendants, and ultimately all living things, will be faced with the consequences of more severe climate disruption.

The threat of climate change was already becoming clear to some climate scientists by the 1970s. However, the scientific community had not yet brought the details of this threat to the attention of the world. A towering figure in climate science, Stephen H. Schneider, 65, died after suffering a pulmonary embolism on July 19, 2010, while flying to London from a conference in Stockholm. The loss of Schneider, a professor at Stanford University, deprives the world of both an outstanding researcher and a gifted science communicator. Although his eloquent voice has now been silenced, his powerful influence on us all is indelible, and the example of the life he led will continue to be an inspiration. The effort at climate change science communication is not something novel and recent, but it has occupied many of us climate scientists for at least half a century. I also want to emphasize that climate change science communication needs to continue, because the world has not yet acted forcefully and effectively enough to limit climate change to an amount that nations of the world have agreed on.

The Statute of York in 1322 recognised that ‘in time past … troubles and wars have happened in the realm’, blaming this on the various attempts to restrict royal power in the thirteenth century. Reform, sometimes led by the crown and sometimes imposed upon it, was a key theme in the reigns of Henry III (1216–72) and Edward I (1272–1307). Two other themes, focused on the king’s interests beyond the borders of England, had significant effects on relations between the king and his English subjects, as the king sought to access their manpower, money and material. These interests were the king’s claims to sovereignty over all Britain and protecting his remaining lands in France.

The 6-item Hourglass Body Shape Ideal Scale (HBSIS) assesses a woman’s internalization of the hourglass body ideal. This measure can be administered online or in paper-form to women with a sixth grade reading level or above and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the HBSIS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. This scale has been found to have a unidimensional factor structure among an undergraduate and a community sample of women through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency, reliability, and convergent validity support the use of the HBSIS. This chapter provides the scale items, instructors for administering the scale, the recommended item response scale and scoring procedures. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information are provided.

Volume I offers a broad perspective on urban culture in the ancient European world. It begins with chronological overviews which paint in broad brushstrokes a picture that serves as a frame for the thematic chapters in the rest of the volume. Positioning ancient Europe within its wider context, it touches on Asia and Africa as regions that informed and were later influenced by urban development in Europe, with particular emphasis on the Mediterranean basin. Topics range from formal characteristics (including public space), water provision, waste disposal, urban maintenance, spaces for the dead, and border spaces; to ways of thinking about, visualising, and remembering cities in antiquity; to conflict within and between cities, economics, mobility and globalisation, intersectional urban experiences, slavery, political participation, and religion.

For a long time, the cities of northern and central Italy were understood as belonging to a ‘communal’ sphere whose economic, social and political trajectory pointed towards modernity; southern Italian cities were part of a ‘monarchical’ sphere whose backwardness was said to continue to the present day. This chapter, however, approaches the history of the cities of medieval Italy from within the political spaces to which they belonged, especially those of the great monarchies that dominated the peninsula. If we avoid two preconceptions – that communes were a manifestation of statehood and that monarchies necessarily limited the autonomy of cities – the two spheres of the Italian cities appear much closer to urban experiences in the rest of Europe than has often been recognised.

What happened when people did not pay their debts? Debts Unpaid argues that conflicts over small-scale unpaid debts were a stress test for the economic order. To ensure the wheels of petty commerce continued to turn in Mexico, everyday debtors and creditors had to believe that their interests would be protected relatively fairly when agreements soured. A resounding faith in economic justice provided the bedrock of stability necessary for the expansion of capitalism over the longue durée. Introducing the two-hundred-year period of massive economic transformation explored throughout the book, this chapter presents the text’s key historical and theoretical interventions from the late eighteenth century to the first decade of the twenty-first. As the capitalist credit economy grew, especially through modern financial institutions, ordinary people used new financial tools and navigated increasingly opaque and impersonal credit relations. This Introduction outlines the dynamics of change and the challenges and opportunities they posed for the world of small-scale debtors and creditors.

Interpretation of papal provisions should factor in what we know about differences in endowment between parishes, and about the evolution of the function of canonries.