This chapter focuses on the history of human rights thinking mainly in the aftermath of the founding of the United Nations. It focuses primarily on international jurist Hersch Lauterpacht and secondarily on political scientist Arthur Holcombe. Whereas the 1948 UDHR has received much attention in human rights historiography, the chapter tells a story less told of how key intellectuals at the time grappled with international economic and social human rights. Little studied in the scholarly literature that have mainly focused on Lauterpacht’s legacy in inventing the legal concept of “crimes against humanity,” the chapter argues that his thinking on the international protection of human rights in 1950 was a nuanced, qualified, and careful, yet uncompromising defense of economic and social rights. Ultimately, while Lauterpacht’s defense of human rights mainly relied on the all-important negative principle of safeguarding individuals against the state – a protection from evil and harm that the contemporary order had blatantly failed to secure in the case of the Holocaust – it also entailed a more positive principle of facilitating human flourishing.

The ‘special relationship’ between the thirteenth-century French monarchy and the papacy was fragile because it was so intense.

The 10-item Cosmetic Procedure Screening Scale (COPS; Veale et al., 2012) is used to screen for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) within cosmetic settings and is often used as an outcome measure in the treatment of BDD. It can be used to predict dissatisfaction with a cosmetic procedure. The 9-item Body Image Questionnaire (BIQ-9) omits the first COPS item and is considered a weekly version of the COPS. A labia specific version, the COPS-L and a penis specific version, the COPS-P are also available. This chapter first discusses the development of the COPS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the COPS is unidimensional, although the BIQ-9 has been found to contain two factors (interference/avoidance, other BDD symptoms) among adolescents. Internal consistency reliability, sensitivity to change, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity support the use of the COPS and BIQ-9. Next, this chapter provides the COPS items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 16-item Everyday Colourism Scale (ECS; Craddock et al. 2023) assesses perceived experiences of subtle and more overt mistreatment and prejudice based on an individual’s skin shade. The ECS can be administered online and/or in-person to adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the ECS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the Everyday Colourism Scale has been found to have a 2-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the ECS. This chapter also provides the ECS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the ECS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 44- item Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) generates a profile of women’s body related attitudes as found in the population at large. The BAQ can be administered in person, by mail, or on-line, and there are no restrictions on its use. The 44 questions are grouped into 6 sub-scales (Feeling Fat, Disparagement, Strength and Fitness, Salience of Weight and Shape, Attractiveness, Lower Body Fatness). The BAQ can be used in full, or in a variety of abbreviated forms. The BAQ and its subscales have well-developed psychometric properties, as described in the chapter. The BAQ has been translated into a number of languages. Unusually for Body Image measures, genetic as well as social determinants related to measured Body Image have been studied with the BAQ, and are referenced in the chapter. The BAQ is provided in its entirety, as is the scoring key and instructions for use. The BAQ has proved to be suitable for assessing body-related attitudes in general and specific population groups, and its internal structure has been validated in many different groups of women.

This chapter examines some of the ways in which African literatures have interacted with and related to trends and turns in ecocriticism specifically and the environmental humanities more broadly. Reading a long history of environmental writing from the continent, the chapter aims to complicate how ecological thinking in African literatures – and by extension postcolonial literatures, more generally – has often become conflated with narratives of decolonization. Offering some examples of ecocritical work, including by Rob Nixon, Cajetan Iheka, and Byron Caminero-Santangelo, the chapter will also demonstrate that an African ecocritical perspective has indeed “not arrived belatedly.” However, rather than starting with the mid twentieth century, the chapter returns to authors from the beginning of the twentieth century for the ways in which earlier forms of anti-colonial politics can be seen to be articulated through an ecological imaginary that predates formal decolonization by almost half a century.

Volume I offers a broad perspective on urban culture in the ancient European world. It begins with chronological overviews which paint in broad brushstrokes a picture that serves as a frame for the thematic chapters in the rest of the volume. Positioning ancient Europe within its wider context, it touches on Asia and Africa as regions that informed and were later influenced by urban development in Europe, with particular emphasis on the Mediterranean basin. Topics range from formal characteristics (including public space), water provision, waste disposal, urban maintenance, spaces for the dead, and border spaces; to ways of thinking about, visualising, and remembering cities in antiquity; to conflict within and between cities, economics, mobility and globalisation, intersectional urban experiences, slavery, political participation, and religion.

This chapter focuses on Periyar and Tamil cinema, particularly early Tamil cinema of the 1930s and the cinema of the Dravidian ideologues whom he mentored. The purpose is to engage with what has generally remained a contested terrain because of the common perception of Periyar's aversion to mainstream cinema vis-á-vis the penchant of his chief lieutenants like C. N. Annadurai (Anna) and M. Karunanidhi for it. One of the main reasons for the split of his protegees from the party he founded, the Dravidar Kazhagam (Federation of Dravidians; DK), to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Federation for the Progress of Dravidians; DMK) was their investment in electoral politics. Periyar, being a social reformer, who was preoccupied with the upliftment of the people on the fringes, oppressed by the systemic entrenchment of caste, religion, and gender, had his priority on questioning the status quo and challenging reactionary and regressive forces. Therefore, electoral ambitions predicated on consensual or concessional politics and opportunistic coalitions were anathema to him (Venkatachalapathy, 2021). Conversely, the Dravidian ideologues of the split faction veered towards electoral politics and believed in the potential of popular cinema for disseminating Dravidian ideology as filtered through the lens of mass appeal to mobilize people with the resultant electoral gains in terms of votes. Thus, the fascination of commercial cinema was, one could argue, at the root of the contention between the leader and his close and trusted disciples.

In the United States, the legal environment for selection is a central issue that plays a large role in the practice of industrial, work, and organizational psychology. Concern for adverse impact, bias, and fairness goes hand in hand with concern for reliability and validity in the design of any professionally developed selection system. The United States is racially and ethnically diverse (roughly 59 percent White, 19 percent Hispanic/Latino, 13 percent Black/African American, 6 percent Asian American, and 1 percent Native Americans/Alaskans Natives). Federal legislation specifies seven protected classes: race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, and disability. Most of the discussion of bias and fairness in the selection field focuses on race and sex. Legislation, court rulings, government guidance, and professional standards offer a complex framework for the consideration of issues of bias and fairness, an overview of which is provided in this chapter.

The 10- or 11-item Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS-M; Pearl & Puhl, 2014) assesses weight bias internalization (i.e., internalized weight stigma or weight self-stigma). The WBIS-M can be administered on paper, online, or by interview to adolescents or adults (with adapted versions for children) and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the WBIS-M and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the WBIS-M has been found to have a unidimensional factor structure within most exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the WBIS-M. Next, this chapter provides the WBIS-M items in their entirety, instructions for administering the WBIS-M to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Abbreviated forms and known translations are described. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The chapter discusses approaches and findings in the field of urban governance, which emerged in urban history research from the 1990s onwards. The concept is based on the observation that traditional historiography of local administrations systematically underestimated or simplified the interrelation and inferences between the management of local public affairs, the central state and civil society. Studies in this field analyse such interferences and interactions between central and local government, civic associations, and popular culture, as well as political rituals and symbolic practices. The chapter builds on the pioneering work of Morris and Trainor (2000) and Gunn and Hulme (2020), who presented two complementary and overlapping approaches with a more structure-oriented and primarily cultural-historical perspective. The chapter first reflects on the major periods and shifts in urban governance in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and then examines the relations between central states and local governments. Key processes such as the rise of the urban bourgeoisie and the modern networked city in the late nineteenth century, forms of governance in twentieth-century suburban areas, and urban governance in authoritarian states, including socialist cities, are discussed. Special attention is given to variations of urban governance in different European regions.