In this chapter, we rebuild the theory of linear cryptanalysis one last time. One of the reasons for doing this was already mentioned in Chapter 9: there are various combinatorial properties that might be useful, but for which there are no analytic methods. However, before attempting to address this issue, we must take a step back and try to improve our understanding of linear cryptanalysis.

The 45-item Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI; Forbush et al., 2013) is a self-report, multidimensional measure of cognitions/behaviors associated with eating disorder diagnoses. The EPSI includes body image-related constructs such as body dissatisfaction and muscle building, in addition to six other scales. The EPSI can be administered on paper for free and without formal permissions to adults and adolescents. Administering the EPSI online requires written permission from the copyright holder; see the chapter for additional permissions, copyright, and contact information. This chapter briefly details the development of the EPSI and evidence for its psychometric properties. The EPSI has an eight-factor structure based on confirmatory factor analyses, and has demonstrated favorable structural similarity (e.g., different types of invariance) across men and women, different weight statuses, and adolescents and adults. The EPSI has also demonstrated favorable internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity with related measures, discriminant validity from measures of negative affect and internalizing symptoms, and criterion-related validity by discriminating between different eating disorders. A description of instructions and scale/scoring, more specific information about the body dissatisfaction and muscle building scales, and a link to the full EPSI are provided. Information about an abbreviated version and translations is also included.

The Muscle Pictorial Measure (MPM; Gillen & Markey, 2015) is a figural drawing measure that assesses body perceptions. The discrepancy between perceived and ideal figures within the scale represents muscle dissatisfaction. The scale can be administered in-person or online to adults and is free to use in any research setting. This chapter first discusses the rationale for developing the MPM and then provides evidence of its psychometric properties. The scale has separate versions for men- and women-identifying participants. Because these scales are gender-specific, raw scores on each version cannot be compared; discrepancy scores must be calculated instead. The scale has established two-week test-retest reliability, and convergent validity as a measure of ideal muscularity among men. Participants of different racial/ethnic backgrounds identify with the figures. This chapter provides the MPM items in their entirety (including optional items), instructions for administering the MPM to participants, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

This chapter examines the initial conditions underlying the book’s theory by analyzing authoritarian labor control policies and political developments in Tunisia and Morocco in the postindependence period. It explores how these control strategies shaped unions’ interests, capacities, and perceptions during the early stages of state formation and investigates how relationships between unions and other collective actors influenced the emergence of labor movements. The chapter shows how exclusionary corporatism provided Tunisian unions with organizational resources that strengthened their capacity for opposition, while inclusionary strategies and alliances with political elites weakened labor autonomy in Morocco.

For most employees, pay typically comprises three main elements: base pay, employment-related benefits and performance-related pay, with base pay being the primary component of total pay for most non-executive employees. Benefits plans are also assuming increased importance in the fixed or foundational component of total pay, alongside base pay. In this chapter, we consider the nature and purpose of each component of fixed or foundational pay, particularly their pivotal role in attracting and retaining staff. We also consider the options for configuring these components and the strategic priorities to which each might be best suited. We examine the two main options for configuring base pay: (1) pay for the content of the job/position to which the employee is assigned; and (2) pay for job-holder capabilities. We explore the pay structures associated with each option, the evaluation methods and processes associated with the development of pay systems based on each of these approaches, and the general strengths and weaknesses of each approach. It is vital to have a solid understanding of the structures and pricing processes associated with each of these broad approaches to base pay configuration.

In Great Britain, the Equality Act 2010 provides protection from discrimination across services, work, and education. Given its application across contexts, a non-prescriptive, case-by-case approach considering the context and available evidence is taken to determine whether employment decisions have a discriminatory impact. When there is a claim of unlawful discrimination, employers may be required to provide relevant evidence that the selection procedure represents a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. Where it is more prescriptive is in cases of indirect discrimination (disparate impact), with its two-step process for burden of proof, where claimants must first provide sufficient evidence of unlawful discrimination before employers must then provide adequate evidence against the case. However, methods and thresholds for testing disparate impact are not defined. As such, practitioners in the UK can look to guidance and regulations in other more stringent jurisdictions, such as the US, where guidance is more developed, for best practices regarding specific approaches to testing for bias and fairness in selection procedures.

Volume II charts European urbanism between 700 and 1850, the millennium during which Europe became the world’s most urbanised region. Featuring thirty-six chapters from leading scholars working on all the major linguistic areas of Europe, the volume offers a state-of-the-art survey that explores and explains this transformation, how similar or different such processes were across Europe, and how far it is possible to discern traits that characterise European urbanism in this period. The first half of the volume offers overviews on the urban history of Mediterranean Europe, Atlantic and North Sea Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, and European urbanisms around the world. The second half explores major themes, from the conceptualisation of cities and their material fabric to continuities and changes in the social, political, economic, religious and cultural histories of cities and towns.

Lewis Fry Richardson (1881–1953) became interested in computational mathematics while the subject was still in its infancy. He was a pioneer in numerical analysis, which for our purposes means using arithmetic intelligently to find approximate solutions to mathematical problems that are too complicated to solve exactly. He tried to work out a mathematical system for predicting the weather. He started by doing theoretical meteorology, deriving equations representing the physical laws that describe the evolution of the familiar meteorological properties such as wind, temperature, pressure, and humidity. Richardson’s first numerical weather forecast, obtained after a great deal of tedious calculating, was not very accurate. In fact, it was wildly inaccurate. But Richardson was ahead of his time. He was a visionary. In the late 1940s, a team of meteorologists and mathematicians using one of the earliest computers produced the first successful numerical weather prediction. By the 1950s, routine weather forecasts were being produced by techniques based closely on Richardson’s method.

No medieval pope ever forbade vernacular Bible reading.

Cohen adapts the doughnut model of sustainable economic development to suggest ways for policymakers to identify regulatory policies that can better serve the humans who live in digital spaces. She does this in two steps. First, she demonstrates that a similarly doughnut-shaped model can advance the conceptualization of the appropriate balance(s) between surveillance and privacy. Second, she demonstrates how taking the doughnut model of privacy and surveillance seriously can help us think through important questions about the uses, forms, and modalities of legitimate surveillance.

This chapter explores how undergraduate students’ purpose and motivation for attending postsecondary education contribute to their retention, persistence, and graduation. As a lens for understanding these dynamics, this chapter provides an overview of the Interdisciplinary Theory of College Student Success, which posits that students ask several key questions that determine whether they stay in higher education; one of those questions pertains to their purpose for pursuing a degree and remaining at their current institution. According to this framework, there is not a single “best” type of purpose, since students have different motivations that can drive them to persist in the face of challenges and setbacks. The theory also highlights the role of educational intentions as a key driver of college decision-making. This chapter then discusses research that has directly explored students’ purposes for attending college, which often suggests that the development of purpose and educational intentions are informed by students’ identities and socialization.

The current chapter investigates the relationship dynamics between Germany and the Axis bloc countries. The chapter concludes that the Axis coalition-building efforts were poorly organized, haphazardly coordinated, and dreadfully led, suffering from German racism, mutual mistrust, and systematic lack of resources. Finnish participation in Operation Barbarossa was motivated by two things: the country’s exposed geographical position next to Russia and the unfinished Soviet attempt to occupy it during the Winter War in 1939–1940. Finland was not occupied by the Red Army and thus maintained its liberal democracy.

While most histories describe the Romanian Army as a reluctant ally of the German Army on the Easten Front, this chapter argues that Romania had embraced a far-right ideology that made the country Nazi Germany’s most important partner in the campaign against the Soviet Union. The Italian Royal Army fought an unplanned campaign, under German command, against the Red Army between August 1941 and January 1943. Despite severe limitations, the combatants of the CSIR and the ARMIR fought bravely until German defeat at Stalingrad led to the deadly disaster on the Don River.

Artists can get their first inspiration for what they want to do in their lives when they see another person’s work. Early encounters with theater, television shows, movies, books, or music can serve as catalysts for a lifetime in the arts. At the most fundamental level, experiencing the art of others can demonstrate that such a career pathway is possible. In this chapter, artists remember moments of seeing, hearing, watching, or experiencing a life-changing piece of art. Some artists continue in that specific domain, whereas others might be initially inspired by one domain but find a better artistic home in another domain. An artist’s early efforts may even be directly inspired by another piece of work.

In the 1000 or so years after c. 700, Britain and Ireland’s urban sector developed from a hybrid European urbanism on the edge of the continent to an imperial urbanism forming the scaffolding of a complicated colonial and commercial empire. This contributed to the long-term shift in European economic power from its traditional epicentres in the Mediterranean and North Sea and Baltic worlds, with the Atlantic Archipelago on its margins, to the new riches of the Atlantic and Asians world, with the Archipelago at its heart. British and Irish urbanization involved conquest, colonisation, and social reordering as well as material improvement; and the cities, boroughs, and towns and ‘villages’ were more than a little implicated in the human and environmental trauma of Atlantic slavery and the Anthropocene.