Why did Japan shift from being a status quo power in the 1920s to a revisionist power in the 1930s? This chapter argues that Japan’s rejection of the international order was hastened by changes in strategic thought reaching back to World War I. The rise of total war during World War I led military strategists to view self-sufficiency in resources and production as the prerequisite to success in modern warfare. This understanding of the importance of self-sufficiency did not influence national policy until the liberal order of the 1920s began to break down. Once the old order began to collapse, desires for autarky served as the backdrop behind a series of natural security solutions that gravitated toward war and establishing a new order in the region. The total war of World War II, in turn, shaped the entirety of Japan’s new order, the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

Chapter 4 extends the argument on the ‘duplex’ form of revolutionary personhood by exploring the shapes it takes in people’s relationship with Marxist-Leninist ideology. The analysis draws its material from heated public debates that raged in the Cuban public sphere throughout the 1960s, regarding the merits and demerits of using Soviet and other textbooks (‘manuales’) as the prime tool for bringing the rudiments of communist ideology to the masses. Comparing this with classic anthropological accounts of the power of ritual in bringing transcendent orders to life, the chapter develops an alternative to meaning-based theories of ideology, which focus on questions of its truth-value and legitimating powers, by focusing instead on ideology as a relational form, configuring people in relation to ideological texts and the ideas that they contain. The contrasting positions taken in the controversies over textbooks in Cuba, then, are shown as different ways of configuring the relationship between people and ideas. Duality and how best to negotiate the ruptures it creates, including temporal rifts between the past and the present, will once again be a central theme of this morphological discussion.

This final chapter takes a closer look at how Indigenous peoples’ pasts were excluded from history research and teaching under the Japanese colonial regime. Imperial historians created an outside narrative – a mix of silencing and othering – that drew heavily on colonial tropes of difference and backwardness. As a result, Taiwanese–Japanese encounters were only reluctantly included in the otherwise expansive historiography of early modern foreign relations. This may seem a contradiction to Murakami’s fascination with Indigenous sources such as the Sinkan manuscripts. Sinkan manuscripts, which refer to land rental agreements concluded during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and are in itself colonial hybrids, mirrors his obsession with the discoverable written archive and thus another aspect of his scholarly colonialism.

Scholars often view America’s ill-fated military intervention in Vietnam as emblematic of the broader triumph of Southeast Asian nationalism over western colonialism. However, this chapter shows that the persistence of Western imperialism in Southeast Asia is more characteristic of the region’s history when the Cold War intersected with decolonization. Anglo-American neo-colonial designs for preserving their influence largely dovetailed with the goals of conservative, Southeast Asian nationalists seeking either US or British assistance to suppress homegrown left-wing movements inspired and sponsored by Moscow or, above all, Beijing. Indeed, Britain, America, and their Southeast Asian partners shared an anti-communist worldview undergirded by similar fears that the millions-strong Chinese diaspora in the region would serve China’s expansionist agenda. Despite Washington’s failures in Vietnam, the melding of British and US neo-colonialism with Southeast Asian nationalism would usher the region from European-dominated formal colonialism into informal US Empire by the late 1960s.

Musk announced Tesla’s decision to go direct to consumers after looking at the history of the legacy car companies with their increasingly onerous dealer networks and the failure of recent EV startups such as Fisker that had tried to sell through dealers. Chapter 2 examines Tesla’s direct sales decision both in Tesla’s own words and with supporting evidence on why selling EVs through franchised dealers is an unworkable business strategy, as demonstrated by the fact that almost every other EV startup has chosen a direct sales approach as well.

This chapter tells the history of European urban heritage by evaluating its conceptual evolution, its relation to the major waves of urbanisation, and its role in shaping the historic quarters and the forms of urban governance as guiding indicators. The growing complexity of urban heritage integrates different types of expertise, social involvement and forms of governance. The urban growth of many nineteenth-century European cities led to their spread and to the replanning of their centres. Whereas many European city centres provided a privileged area for the political instrumentalisation of public remembrance, many became sites of industrial urbanisation. For the latter, deurbanisation usually accelerated after the Second World War due to the mass destruction or by faster industrialisation. From the 1970s, this tendency was reversed, with reurbanisation redefining these neighbourhoods. Although these processes do not entirely follow the same rhythm, they roughly determine four periods divided by the Second World War, the 1970s and 2000. Authenticity – as a historical reference, as a principle of heritage conservation, or as a constructive element of current identity-formations – remained the standard for safeguarding urban heritage and the conceptual bridge between the representation of the historic city and the urban realities in its place.

The Body Image Matrix of Thinness and Muscularity (BIMTM; Arkenau et al., 2020; Steinfeld et al., 2020) is a figure rating scale that assesses perceptual body image. It is available in two separate versions, one for men (BIMTM-Male Bodies) and one for women (BIMTM-Female Bodies). It consists of an 8 x 8 grid with 64 colored and realistic-looking figures of White men or women that vary in body fat along the horizontal axis and muscle mass along the vertical axis. The BIMTM can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BIMTM and then provides evidence of its psychometrics with men and women. A two-dimensional (body fat and muscularity) is assumed. Test-retest reliability, ecological validity, convergent validity, and criterion validity support the use of both the male and female versions of the BIMTM. This chapter provides the BIMTM in its entirety, as well as its instructions for administration and scoring. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

A transformation of the concept of celibacy led to exclusion of priests sons and other illegitimate men from clerical careers, but the rigour of the rule was increasingly tempered by dispensation.

Memory is vital for a range of brain functions, not just decision-making. Memory is a complex concept, that many researchers have attempted to model and explain over the course of history, all with their own properties. It is commonly accepted however that memory must include both retention and retrieval. Human memory can be considered as a complex storage system, in which information can be stored and accessed according to different criteria. Various models have explained memory organisation in terms of duration of retention (fractation), information type and temporal direction. To gain an insight into how memory informs decision-making, we must consider it as a dynamic cognitive function, with three main stages: encoding, storage and retrieval.

In the first section of the chapter, basic patterns of urban economic development are presented in general terms. Its conditions and dynamics are discussed from the perspective of the New Economic Geography, historical caesuras of the political/institutional environment, and determining technological trends. According to these dimensions, the overall development is divided into the three phases: the first industrialisation (until the 1880s), the second industrialisation (until 1960/1970s) and more recent post-industrial or post-Fordist developments (since the 1980s). Further sections illustrate the patterns of development, and the summary provides an overview of the most important findings.

Hillel, some 2,000 years ago, gave a brief explanation of the five books of the Torah. These books are known to Christians as the first five books of the Old Testament. Hillel said, “Treat others as you would wish them to treat you. That is the entire Torah. The rest is commentary. Now go and study.” I am certainly not Hillel, science is obviously not religion, and the IPCC reports are not the Torah. But I think the essence of the most recent IPCC report can be summarized in 12 succinct points. Here they are: It is warming. It is us. It has not stopped. The heat is mainly in the sea. Sea level is rising. Ice is shrinking. CO2 makes oceans more acidic. CO2 in the air is up 50% since the 1800s. It is now the highest in millions of years. Cumulative emissions set the warming. Reducing emissions limits the warming. Climate change will last for centuries.

The fourteenth century saw the arrival of what is often described as the late medieval crisis. A period of famine, war, plague and death on an unparalleled scale – it is hardly surprising that many believed the apocalypse was upon them. Given these vicissitudes it is equally unsurprising that the challenges of kingship became especially acute in this period. The fourteenth century saw the first deposition of an English king by his own people, but it was not the last. Edward II’s fate would be shared by his great-grandson, Richard II, who was well aware that a dangerous precedent had been set. Indeed, Richard’s cognisance of the events of 1327 and his attempts to prevent them from being repeated proved utterly counterproductive.