Chapter 8 provides a framework for conducting CERIC Reviews of research articles, synthesizing previous chapters’ approaches to identifying and analyzing Claims, Evidence, Reasoning, Implications, and Context. It discusses the purpose and scope of the CERIC Review and presents a basic review template to scaffold the organization and evaluation of these elements, with suggestions on how to capture information efficiently through ethically paraphrased notes. This chapter then describes ways of improving CERIC reviews, including identifying CERIC elements, dealing with articles with confusing terminology or structure, tailoring reviews to specific article types, and knowing when reviews are sufficient. This chapter also describes how to build on individual CERIC Reviews to generate narrative summaries of individual articles and construct personal libraries of CERIC Reviews for reference. A worked example using the CERIC Review Basic Template is provided, as well as guidance for instructors in creating evaluation rubrics and giving feedback on CERIC Reviews in the classroom environment.

Chapter 7 focuses on the last CERIC element, the Context, which defines a research study’s relevance, motivation, and scope. This chapter begins by defining Context as the existing body of past work that contextualizes the present study. A significant focus is on identifying the driving question or problem of research (i.e., “the gap” or rationale) and illustrating how it shapes the overall Context of the current study. Context is generally found in the introduction section of a research article but may also appear in various locations to motivate aspects of evidence, reasoning, and implications. This chapter discusses the challenge of determining the appropriate amount of context, dealing with the jargon trap common to Context, and showcases examples of well-contextualized research. This chapter also explores how to distinguish Context from Evidence and provides techniques for detecting and addressing missing Context.

Racism compromises health across the life course, including early in development for children across racial groups. Fostering anti-racism early during this period when racial attitudes are more malleable holds promise to reduce victimization and the development of racial bias. This chapter synthesizes extant findings on the health implications of racism during this formative stage, delineates key mechanisms amenable to intervention, and proposes evidence-based elements of a ColorBRAVE framework for family-centered discussions to promote anti-racism in early childhood. ColorBRAVE conversations in these contexts include honest, equity-focused discussions with children about what race is, the historical origins of racial inequities, and racial discrimination and White privilege, including themes of accountability and agency. ColorBRAVE family-based interventions should be considered part of a comprehensive societal effort to promote racial justice and public health.

This chapter provides an overview of research on ethnic and racial discrimination (ERD) among young adults in higher education. We examine how the university context shapes experiences of ERD and how it moderates targets, downstream consequences, and coping responses. We do so from the vantage point of a structural-psychological perspective, which examines ERD not solely as a result of interpersonal actions but rather as a product of broader systemic inequities and historical legacies of oppression. The chapter describes which ethnic and racial groups and their intersections with other relevant social categories are most affected by ERD. It also describes the contexts and moderators of ERD and the downstream consequences of experiencing ERD. Finally, the chapter describes active and passive coping and resistance strategies that racialized students employ to deal with ERD and how effective they are for students’ academic and health adjustment.

It is argued that war, conquest, and slavery fueled northwestern Europe’s precocious economic growth. But that argument is wrong. Slaves and colonies were not necessary for growing cotton or for industrialization. Rather than being prerequisites for economic growth, slaves and colonies were the results of northwestern Europe’s rising economic and military might. They did certainly harm economies in Africa and the Americas and thereby contributed to the great divergence. As for warfare, it damaged economies, including in northwestern Europe. But it brought indirect benefits to Europe. It created strong states and representative institutions. It encouraged urbanization and agglomeration effects as businesses sought shelter from the fighting inside walled cities. It stimulated technical change in war-related industries, such as metalworking. And it helped keep western Europe politically fragmented. That kept new ideas circulating and made it harder to stamp them out. What else kept northwestern Europe fragmented? Western Christianity’s popes and northwestern Europe’s distance from the Eurasian steppe nomads, who might otherwise have conquered and unified all of Europe.

This chapter explores constraints and duality, two of the most important topics in optimization. Most real-world problems are constrained by resources, time, material properties, cost, etc. We begin with Lagrange multipliers and the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions to enforce constraints, including geometric interpretations. Next, we explore duality, which provides insights into the interactions between constraints and the objective. The dual problem gives tight bounds on the original problem and provides methods for efficient computation. Duality leads to interior point methods for constrained optimization. Next, we introduce the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), a primal-dual method to handle nonsmooth regularizers. Finally, we introduce infinite dimensional optimization and the calculus of variations. The Euler-Lagrange equations, used to derive equations of motion in physics, also provide optimality conditions for infinite-dimensional optimization problems. We investigate several infinite dimensional optimization problems, such as the classic Brachistochrone and Tautochrone problems.

For the last 150 years, schizophrenia has been considered a brain disease leading to a cognitive impairment. A widespread representation of schizophrenia considers it a form of mental deficit. This chapter evaluates to what extent schizophrenia corresponds to a standard folk-psychological notion of disease (onset, pathological process, insight into illness, etc.). Parnas and Zandersen present examples of phenomenological characteristics of schizophrenia that question its status as a typical disease. Specifically, they portray the affliction of the subject (self-disorder), an affliction that prevents a full insight into illness. Self-disorders typically begin during childhood and adolescence, and dating the onset of schizophrenia becomes a conceptual rather than an empirical issue. Next, the authors discuss a characteristic configuration of psychosis, namely the phenomenon of “double bookkeeping” that implies a persistent parallel double orientation to both a social reality and a private psychotic world. Finally, they look at some characteristics of course and outcome that do not conform to a standard notion of disease. The authors conclude that to progress in our scientific research, psychiatry needs to refocus its interest on the issues of subjectivity and psychological processes involved in schizophrenia.

This chapter describes the foundations for and the possibilities of implementing a Queer AZN CRT framework in social work practice. Queer AZN CRT is rooted in critical, feminist, queer, Indigenist and Pasifika theories, and explores the impacts of colonization, imperialism, and indigeneity within intersectional Asian experiences. Six proposed tenets for Queer AZN CRT are listed along with core considerations for social work practice: (1) Queer, brown Asianization; (2) challenging mainstream ideologies about Asians, Pacific Islanders, and QTPI/QTAAm; (3) global, decolonial perspectives; (4) reconstructive histories; (5) multidisciplinary story, practice, praxis, and voice; and (6) social justice perspective. Two narratives depict the application of Queer AZN CRT in social work practice, first in a clinical social work scenario, and then within a macro practice framework. Additional reflections regarding the implications for Queer AZN CRT in social work practice and education are discussed.

A 55-year-old female, with a history of poorly controlled rheumatoid arthritis and recent recovery from a viral upper respiratory infection, presents to the emergency room with 3 weeks of diffuse progressive weakness and fatigue. She first noticed difficulty climbing stairs, followed a few days later by weakness and fatigue in her legs and arms while gardening. After a week of symptoms, her hips and shoulders began feeling progressively achier and more tender. She presents because she was having difficulty lifting her head off of her pillow and getting out of bed and is now starting to feel short of breath. She denies rash, changes in medications, neck/back pain, or previous similar symptoms.

Part III concerns the quarrel between Curll and Pope, which went on for almost thirty years, and raises significant issues, not just as it affected their careers, but also as it inflects the history of the book. These matters include the situation of both authors and publishers after the Copyright Act; the nature of piracy; the habit of (in effect) self-publishing that Pope acquired; the implications of anonymity, on both sides of the fence; the relations between elite and popular culture; and the literary portrayal of booksellers. Chapter 8 focusses on anonymity in the presentation of Pope’s poems and Curll’s publications. A brief introductory segment describes the historical valency of anonymous writing. The subsequent discussion traces a development that James McLaverty has characterised as ‘the blurring of authorship’, and shows how this is played out in The Dunciad and Curll’s responses to the work. Attention is given to other items by Pope that appeared anonymously or pseudonymously, together with attacks by Curll that constitute a reply in kind.

This chapter critically engages longstanding and recurring debates about the relative neglect of the phenomenological dimension of imprisonment and the pains it entails within dominant theoretical and legal frameworks of punishment. It identifies three major shortcomings that lead penal theory and, by extension, aspects of judicial practice to insufficiently account for the reality of incarceration: the tendency to normatively justify the imposition rather than the infliction of punishment; the reliance on duration as the principal metric of sentence severity; and the decontextualization of justice-involved persons, framed through individualistic and essentialist lenses. Following this analysis, the chapter turns to a close examination of the thresholds of penal pain established in human rights frameworks – most notably the Eighth Amendment of the US Constitution and Article 3 of the ECHR – exposing their limitations in fully protecting incarcerated persons against the harms embedded in the structural and systemic features of prison life. Taken together, the discussion underscores a broad juridical tendency to disregard the lived experience of imprisonment, thereby overlooking deeper and more corrosive pains that largely escape legal scrutiny.