Citizenship is shown to be central to the reconstruction of the foundational economy on morally defensible grounds. This is because the foundational economy is, at heart, a system of social citizenship. Reversing the degradation of this system has to begin by linking the reform of the foundational to our present understanding of what is socially required to function as a fulfilled human person. It must also challenge the elision of citizenship with the entitlements of the current inhabitants within the jurisdictional boundaries of the nation state. Rebuilding the foundational economy has to do more, however, than concentrate on human persons. It has to recognise that the business institutions central to the foundational economy are juridical persons, and as such should operate under a developed system of both entitlements and duties.

Fish from the sea have long been an important source of food for many human communities. The degree to which this will continue depends on how well marine fisheries are managed. However, various biological and socio-economic factors mean that such management is not easy, as the beginning of this chapter explains. The chapter continues by analysing the array of treaties and soft law instruments that attempt to provide for effective fisheries conservation and management, both within and beyond national jurisdiction. This body of law includes: the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea; the UN Fish Stocks Agreement; the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Compliance and Port States Measures Agreements; measures adopted by regional fisheries management organisations and arrangements; various UN General Assembly resolutions, especially those concerning high seas drift-net fishing and vulnerable marine ecosystems; the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries; and the FAO’s International Plans of Action, notably that on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. The chapter demonstrates that this substantial body of measures has failed to prevent the unsustainable exploitation of around one-third of all fish stocks; the adverse impact of the fishing industry on species other than fish, including dolphins, turtles and seabirds; and the damage caused by fishing gear to vulnerable and ecologically important habitats. Various reasons for this failure are suggested.

This chapter asks how different types of animals came to be associated with different views of Dublin, and different perspectives on whether the city had succeeded or failed by the close of the nineteenth century. The first part of the chapter considers the contribution of horses and horse transportation to the creation of the prosperous suburbs and their links to the city. The chapter argues that the linkages created by new forms of horse-powered transport were central to creating the perception that these suburbs were part of the city and that the city was improving. The second part of the chapter considers the problems of cattle in the city and their links with diseases of concern, especially tuberculosis. The chapter argues that while the problem of slaughterhouses continued to be debated, public health reformers focused on dairy cattle and milk products as the source of transmissible diseases after the advent of germ theory.

This chapter provides an overview of the book’s core arguments and outlines the book’s interventions into several existing fields. It situates the study within histories of labour, gender, and post-colonial development in Zambia and the southern African region, outlining how the book re-evaluates existing multidisciplinary scholarship on these themes by demonstrating the importance of domestic labour and female workers to post-colonial urban economies. It provides an overview of existing scholarship on domestic service in Africa and globally, demonstrating how the book moves beyond existing understandings of domestic service in southern Africa by foregrounding labour relations in Black households in post-colonial societies and the women and child workers who predominated in these spaces. It introduces the book’s innovative theoretical approach to domestic service, illustrating how this brings a wide range of labour relations and workers into a single frame of analysis and captures the realities of domestic labour relations in post-colonial southern Africa. It situates the book in relation to contemporary debates around domestic worker rights and labour in southern Africa, highlighting the ways in which the book provides new insights into organising workers and regulating labour relations, and the gendered and generational dynamics of such interventions. Finally, it surveys the book’s methodology, paying particular attention to the use of oral history and the processes surrounding the gathering and analysis of oral testimonies.

The sixth level of the privacy discourse framework is that of regulation, both in law and in the legitimate authority of non-governmental bodies, such as that of companies’ internal regulations, professional bodies’ codes of practice, etc. The chapter focuses on legislation and common law. The law cannot define privacy, if only because many breaches of privacy are too trivial to be worth dealing with. Privacy is not defined by law, but regulated by it; as an extra-legal idea, it precedes legislation. The law also varies through time and across jurisdictions, whereas privacy does not; the example of upskirting is explored, which was only declared illegal in many places after it became a prominent type of abuse. The long series of struggles about privacy law in the US has also meant that many philosophical discussions of privacy have focused on Supreme Court judgements, which – though fascinating and important – are even more parochial qua definitions. Finally, the chapter considers different approaches to the regulation of privacy – should it be seen as an open concept covering many types of case, therefore requiring an expansive privacy law, as argued by Warren and Brandeis, or a more restricted concept with limited application, as argued by Prosser? Current trends, certainly in human rights law, seem to be favouring the former, with cases to do with marriage, for example, appealing to rights to privacy, not rights to family life.

The chapter examines how the problem of corruption evolved within the context of police reform, from the mid-eighteenth century, amid the first systematic attempts to redefine the nature and organisation of policing in London, through to the birth and institutionalisation of the ‘new police’ during the Victorian and Edwardian periods. It seeks to historicise what became – and remains – an established mode of posing the problem of police corruption – that is, corruption as the result of the actions of a handful of malign, negligent officers on the one hand, and corruption as the result of more systemic defects of professional culture and institutional organisation on the other. This emerged during second half the eighteenth century, when it was argued that new forms of organisational ‘system’ would overcome the corruption and inefficiency of what became known as the ‘old police’. At this point, however, the problem was still entangled with more degenerative conceptions of corruption inherited from earlier centuries. Only with the advent of the ‘new police’ from the 1850s did the form of debate change decisively, coming to focus more clearly on problems of individual agency versus the corrupting aspects of institutionalisation itself and the effectiveness of organisational controls for preventing it. Ultimately, as a number of scandals from the late Victorian and Edwardian periods suggest, though the problem of corruption was now posed in recognisably modern, office-based terms, it could appear just as entrenched and opaque as it had been under the ‘old police’.

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea identifies six sources of marine pollution. They are: pollution from ships (such as discharges of oil, noxious chemicals, sewage, garbage and ballast water containing invasive species); the dumping of waste by ships and aircraft; pollution resulting from exploitation of the continental shelf for petroleum and minerals; pollution resulting from the exploitation of the mineral resources of the Area, that is the seabed beyond the continental shelf (see further chapter twelve); pollution from sources on land; and pollution from or through the atmosphere. The Convention itself contains no detailed measures to control pollution from the six sources that it identifies. Instead, the international community has adopted a substantial network of global and regional treaties for this purpose, including treaties designed to curb emissions of greenhouse gases The latter are causing the oceans to warm, sea water to become more acidic and sea levels to rise, all of which are harming the marine environment. This chapter outlines the standards to control marine pollution that have been set by the various treaties for each source of pollution; explains how they are implemented and enforced; and assesses how effective they have been. The chapter also considers the response required of States where a pollution incident has occurred, as well as the question of compensation for damage caused by marine pollution.

This chapter seeks to establish Hugh Whitemore’s dramatic trilogy as a major body of work in the literature and culture of the 1980s, particularly for the playwright’s persistent and insightful dramatization of official overreach and the traumatic effect it can have on individual lives. In Pack of Lies, based on the Portland spy case, the Jackson family are compelled by MI5, under threat of violating the Official Secrets Act, to betray their best friends and neighbors. In Concealed Enemies, the House Un-American Activities Committee, exploits the government’s subpoena power in order to prosecute a political rival (Alger Hiss) and embarrass the opposition party. In Whitemore’s most enduring work, Breaking the Code, the brilliant mathematician and war hero, Alan Turing, is arrested for “gross indecency,” forced to undergo hormone treatment, and eventually commits suicide. By staging the tragic life of Alan Turing, a gay man who was betrayed by his country, Whitemore’s Breaking the Code challenges the “gay traitor” stigma of the Blunt Affair, and helped establish Turing’s reputation as a war hero and progenitor of artificial intelligence. As this chapter argues, because Whitemore’s plays were staged at a time when the Official Secrets Act was being invoked at alarming rates (often in ways that had little to do with the protection of the realm), the playwright’s work helped advance the cause of the Right-to-Know movement. Collectively, these three plays offer a formidable critique of government secrecy and the intrusive threats posed by unregulated and opaque state intelligence services.