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The dome of thought examines how phrenology and phrenologists were represented in British daily newspapers, popular magazines and serious journals from the opening of the nineteenth century to its conclusion, before tracing the residual influence of the pseudoscience across the twentieth century and, surprisingly, into the second decade of the twenty-first century. The book opens with a consideration of how phrenology was deployed to explain literary celebrity in the Victorian period with particular attention being directed to the interpretation of the skulls of William Shakespeare and Robert Burns. The book then continues by recalling the manner in which the doctrine of phrenology was introduced to British culture in the early nineteenth century, and the manner in which the Continental activities of Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Gasper Spurzheim were reported. The lecture tour of Britain and Ireland subsequently undertaken by Spurzheim is discussed, and the book reassess the controversy which surrounded his encounter with the Scottish medical establishment in 1816. Spurzheim’s influence upon George Combe, the Scottish lawyer who was the popular face of British phrenology for much of the century, is then considered, as is the interface of phrenological thought with mesmerism in the work of John Elliotson. The final chapter of the book surveys the declining years of speculative and theoretical phrenology and its transformation into a primarily commercial activity under the particular influence of the American Fowler brothers. The conclusion surveys phrenology in the twentieth century, and its resurgence in political satires directed against Donald Trump.
Golden Mummies of Egypt presents new insights and a rich perspective on beliefs about the afterlife during an era when Egypt was part of the Greek and Roman worlds (c. 300 BCE–200 CE). This beautifully illustrated book, featuring photography by Julia Thorne, accompanies Manchester Museum’s first-ever international touring exhibition. Golden Mummies of Egypt is a visually spectacular exhibition that offers visitors unparalleled access to the museum’s outstanding collection of Egyptian and Sudanese objects – one of the largest in the UK.
This book is a history of nineteenth-century Dublin through human–animal relationships. The book offers a unique perspective on ordinary life in the Irish metropolis during a century of significant change and reform. The book argues that the exploitation of animals formed a key component of urban change, from municipal reform to class formation to the expansion of public health and policing. The book uses a social history approach but draws on a range of new and underused sources including archives of the humane society and the Zoological Society, popular songs, visual ephemera and diaries. The book moves chronologically from 1830 to 1900 with each chapter focused on specific animals and their relationship to urban changes. The first chapter examines the impact of Catholic emancipation and rising Catholic nationalism on the Zoological Society and the humane movement. The second chapter looks at how the Great Famine drove reformers to try to clearly separate the urban poor from animals. The third chapter considers the impact of the expanding cattle trade on the geography, infrastructure and living conditions of the city. The fourth chapter looks at how middle-class ideas about the control of animals entered the legal code and changed where and how pigs and dogs were kept in the city. The fifth and final chapter compares ideas of the city as modern or declining and how contrasting visions were associated with particular animals. The book will interest anyone fascinated by the history of cities, the history of Dublin or the history of Ireland.
Based on interviews with thirty-one managers in community organizations and thirty-four court-ordered community service workers (CSWs) in Georgia, this Element asks whether community service programs are likely to achieve their stated goals of restitution, cost savings, and rehabilitation and what conditions support or undermine success. While some individuals perceive a benefit, these programs often shift costs to under-resourced nonprofits, impose administrative burdens, and fail to foster meaningful community connection or long-term rehabilitative outcomes. The Element indicates that cost savings are illusory, restitution is weakened by supervision demands, and rehabilitation is inconsistent across participants. For community service to realize its restorative potential, it must be restructured across the criminal legal system with attention to organizational capacity, both of probation offices and the community organizations working with CSWs. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
William Sancho was the son of Ignatius Sancho, one of the eighteenth century's most important Black Britons. In contrast to his father, however, William's life has never been fully explored. This Element builds a new evidential trail to uncover a multifaceted career that saw the younger Sancho undertake an apprenticeship and become a bookseller, rate-paying citizen and well-connected man about town. Sancho also contributed to the early vaccination movement and the campaign against slavery. Remarkable as elements of it were, Sancho's story makes sound historical sense for someone so deeply embedded within the country's burgeoning entrepreneurial, literate, male-dominated, metropolitan and imperially-focused public sphere. Sancho was a Black man who lived a distinctly 'British' life: his importance stands on its own terms, but also alters our perspectives of what these two historical labels have traditionally implied, and the experiences that were possible as part of them.
This Element is about the interacting socio-ecological relationships of a contemporary Aboriginal foraging economy. In the Western Desert of Australia, Martu Aboriginal systems of subsistence, mobility, property, and transmission are manifest as distinct homelands and networks of religious estates. Estates operate as place-based descent groups, maintained in both material egalitarianism (sharing, dispossession, and immediate return) and ritual hierarchy (exclusion, possession, and delayed return). Interwoven in Martu estate-based foraging economies are the ecological relationships that shape the regeneration of their homelands. The Element explores the dynamism and transformations of Martu livelihoods and landscapes, with a special focus on the role of landscape burning, resource use practices, and property regimes in the function of desert ecosystems.
The territorial sea is the first coastal State maritime zone seawards of the baseline and internal waters. This chapter traces its development as a concept, and then addresses the current legal status of the bed, subsoil and superjacent air space of the territorial sea. The breadth of the territorial sea is explained, with reference to relevant State practice. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the right of innocent passage, including of warships and ships carrying hazardous cargoes, and of the right to deny and suspend passage. Other rights, as well as the duties, of the coastal State are discussed, including the scope of its legislative and enforcement jurisdiction over foreign vessels.
This chapter examines depictions of the industrial working-class home in British social realist film, focusing specifically on the recurring motif of the tea table. Focusing on Love on the Dole (John Baxter, 1941) and It Always Rains on Sunday (Robert Hamer, 1947), it expands on existing analysis of British realist aesthetics by contextualising the visual spectacle of the working-class home in these two films in relation to an earlier trend for social investigation in the interwar years. In the late 1930s, working-class homes were rigorously mapped – for instance, by Mass-Observation, by George Orwell in The Road to Wigan Pier and in Picture Post magazine, which showcased a new style of candid photography. Such images of domesticity professed a level of social realism, illuminating the realities of everyday life in the working-class home. This chapter examines constructions of ‘tea table politics’ onscreen in the 1940s through a close analysis of this wider offscreen culture of social investigation, focusing on Picture Post. In doing so, it explores how Love on the Dole and It Always Rains on Sunday map everyday domesticity in a middlebrow style that combines realism with more romanticised conceptions of the working-class home, projecting idealised notions of respectability, reform and community.
This afterword considers the significance of medical history in period dramas in the current context of the COVID-19 global pandemic. It considers the popularity of period drama as a source of entertainment and escapism, examining the extent to which such dramas include medical storylines. It then goes on to explore the significance of particular themes in medical history, such as gender, patient/practitioner power relationships, and patient voice, particularly as they relate to the chapters in this collection. In doing so it demonstrates how such analyses bridge the gap between academic histories of medicine and popular public discourse, furthering effective public communication and dissemination of scholarship. The afterword then goes on to examine the particularities of the small screen as a medium for engaging with the history of medicine, considering the advantages and disadvantages in relation to films and written fiction. It explores the limitations of dramatising or fictionalising the past, particularly as it pertains to histories of health and medicine. Locating this debate in the current pandemic context, it argues that medicine and caregiving in period television dramas root escapist fictional narratives in the embodied reality of lived experience.
The final chapter begins by summarising the thesis of the book. To illustrate how ideas about privacy change, and how the privacy discourse framework can help, the chapter looks at the COVID-19 pandemic, and how this fed into the various privacy discourses. At level 1, few new conceptions emerged. Level 2 is implicated by new uses of personal data for research and contact tracing. At level 3, our experience of others and personal space is altering, with a greater sense of threat in proximity. At level 4, attitudes to surveillance have grown more positive. At level 5, norms about working from home are changing, as are those about personal autonomy. At level 6 there are new governmental powers, for lockdowns, travel and vaccination mandates. Level 7 covers the responsibilities of the individual to the community, as well as medical research ethics. COVID has accelerated some long-term privacy trends, related to technological change. These are shifting the emphasis in modernity from choice to recommendation, which is built on a shift from privacy (for reflection on choices available) to personalisation (requiring information about individuals to be available to recommendation systems).
This chapter considers the construction of domestic life onscreen in terms of ideas concerning psychological wellbeing in the home. The interwar development of suburbia saw an increased interest in studies of the psyche: prominent among these was the diagnosis of ‘suburban neurosis’. At this time, melodramatic stories accompanied by dramatic illustrations of domestic life were published in women’s magazines such as Modern Woman, providing a popular way of addressing the psychological significance of home. Charting subjective experiences, these stories destabilised the concept of home as comfortable and constant; instead, they conveyed insecurity, instability and a desire for escape. Bringing together an exploration of women’s magazines in the interwar years with close analysis of two 1940s films, this chapter focuses on the private visions of housewife and mother Laura Jesson (Celia Johnson) in Brief Encounter, (David Lean, 1945) and backroom scientist Sammy Rice (David Farrar) in his London flat in The Small Back Room (Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, 1949). It contends that these two films re-imagined a mode of address balancing melodrama and modernism, which was used in the 1930s to interrogate the instabilities of the modern home, thus illuminating a different side to domestic life and its ‘’.
This chapter sets out historical events since hiloni millennials have come of age in the 2000s and 2010s, framed by Karl Mannheim’s critical years hypothesis. It traces continuities and subtle differences in what it feels like to be hiloni between Generation X and millennials. These are not visible at the level of public debate or religious practice but feature within self narratives. These subtle differences intersect with and feed a broader conservative shift in attitudes towards Occupation among Jewish-Israelis generally, including hiloni millennials. It introduces the main argument about hiloni millennial neo-Romanticism and how Pierre Bourdieu’s social theory is used in the book.