This chapter traces the demobilisation process of the British National Party’s Red, White, and Blue festival campaign. The party had mobilised this campaign in attempts to reform its image and boost its electoral prospects, wanting to be known as family-friendly rather than fascist. The qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) locates it in the anti-far-right militancy pattern of demobilisation. By tracing the case, the chapter confirms the causation implied by the QCA pattern: militant counter-mobilisation drove a diminishing returns mechanism whereby increased costs of maintaining the campaign combined with decreased benefits, both directly resulting from private coercion, caused demobilisation.

This chapter explores the foundations from which cultural variability in emotion emerges by providing a theoretical framework to query degrees of universality for different emotion components. We first review two dominant approaches in affective science that diverge on the extent to which culture is deemed central for emotion: the basic emotions approach and the psychological constructionist approach. Then we apply Norenzayan and Heine’s hierarchical system of cultural universals to the empirical literature on cultural variation in two components of emotion: felt experience and nonverbal expression. In reviewing representative sets of findings, we suggest that while some aspects of emotional experience may be existential universals, nonverbal expressions may reflect functional universals. Our chapter emphasizes the interplay between biological preparedness and cultural learning in shaping emotions. To enable fruitful discussions between scholars of varied research traditions, we advocate for a common set of criteria to evaluate cultural similarities and differences in emotion.

This recounts my admittance to the University of Tokyo Hospital for the intensive chemotherapy, and the initially rocky interactions with some oncologists.

Chapter 5 examines constitutional, legislative, and judicial developments in protecting the rights of nature in the United States and around the world. While significant progress has been made in advancing the rights of nature, there is an evolving backlash movement that has sought to declare such efforts unconstitutional. In the United States, rights of nature initiatives have been successfully implemented in many Indigenous communities and at the local government level, though some states have invalidated or are seeking to invalidate local rights of nature protections. The chapter provides an in-depth exploration of nations that have implemented rights of nature measures in their constitutions, legislation, and case law. Ecuador, Bolivia, and Colombia have been leaders in Latin America in promoting rights of nature protections. The chapter also compares New Zealand’s leadership on rights of nature measures with Australia’s challenges in making progress in this space. The chapter concludes with summaries of leading International Rights of Nature Tribunal decisions from various countries, with a focus on rights of nature analysis in the context of climate change challenges.

This chapter examines the development of Spanish music in the seventeenth century, a period often described as one of decline following the Golden Age of Renaissance polyphony. Challenging this view, it highlights the cultural transformations that reshaped secular music, particularly its ties to poetry, theatre, and dance. The expansion of public theatres and the rise of new poetic forms, such as the romance nuevo, influenced musical composition, fostering the development of tonos humanos. Stylistic shifts included the growing prominence of the strummed guitar, the popularity of dance-songs like the zarabanda and chacona, and the widespread adoption of triple metre with hemiolas. The chapter also explores the role of music in Spanish theatre, distinguishing between public and courtly productions, and examines the emergence of mythological zarzuelas and comedias with extensive musical content. Additionally, it offers a fresh perspective on sacred music, stressing the interplay between traditional elements and new concertato conventions, as well as the enduring significance of the villancico in churches throughout the period and beyond. By drawing on both written sources and oral traditions, this study reframes seventeenth-century Spanish music as a dynamic and evolving landscape, marked by distinct and innovative characteristics, rather than a mere decline from earlier heights.

The press publishers’ right (granted under Art. 15 of the EU’s 2019 Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market) equips publishers with a legal basis for negotiations with digital intermediaries. However, the process of bargaining has not been specified by the EU legislator, which left it to the discretion of EU Member States and the market. This chapter examines the four main approaches to the operationalisation of the press publishers’ right in the EU, in contrast with the bargaining framework that has evolved in Australia without the underpinning of a new intellectual property right. It analyses these frameworks from the perspective of ‘bargaining in the shadow of the law’ to understand the relationship between statutory law and private bargaining as mediated by institutional frameworks. By defining and coding key parameters concerning the bargaining parties, their endowments (bargaining chips), measures to mitigate dependencies and the role played by the authority (such as a regulator), the chapter shows that bargaining frameworks sit as complex institutional constraints between pure private ordering and the law. It is the shape of the bargaining framework that matters for the range and frequency of agreements between press publishers and digital platforms.

This chapter defines the key techniques of African American poetry invested in digital technology and internet community as "remix" and "sampling," and traces how these techniques derive from a pursuit of liberation that, it argues, has been at the heart of the African American poetic tradition since the first enslaved poets wrote. It identifes how Black digital poetics continues to challenges dominant narratives that diminish the Black body as commodity in the service of nationalist and colonizing practices. It demonstrates how digital poetics uses its techniques to imagine non-hierarchical ways of being and knowing.

Upcycling describes the process of altering an existing product by modifying it, which in many instances involves improving it and consequently giving a new lease of life to a pre-existing product. It has been increasingly recognized as a promising way to reduce material and energy use, and to promote sustainable production and consumption. Alongside this, there is an increasing customer preference towards environmentally friendly products and minimal waste. Unsurprisingly, upcycling has received considerable attention, particularly in discussion about the circular economy. However, upcycling also poses a challenge to businesses looking to control their IP rights, particularly those seeking to protect their brand and control their reputation through IP protections. This chapter explores these issues, with particular reference to trademark and copyright law in the Pacific region.

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to

• State the assumptions of kinetic theory of gases (KTG)

• Explain the concept of pressure and calculate the expression for it

• Demonstrate mathematically the gas laws using the expression for pressure derived from KTG

• Present the kinetic interpretation of temperature

• Derive the expression for specific heat at constant volume 𝐶𝑉 and constant pressure 𝐶𝑃

• Explain the concept of degree of freedom

• Solve numerical problems and multiple choice questions on KTG

2.1 Introduction

The kinetic theory of gases (KTG) is a theoretical model that describes the physical properties of a gaseous system in terms of a large number of submicroscopic particles, such as atoms, molecules, and small particles. These constituent elements are in random motion and collide constantly with each other and also with the walls of the container. Considering the molecular composition and characteristic features of such random motion of the molecules, various macroscopic properties of the gaseous system, such as pressure, temperature, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and mass diffusivity can be explained with the help of KTG. In this theory, it is postulated that the pressure exerted by a gas is due to the collision of atoms or molecules moving at different velocities on the walls of a container. It basically attempts to explain the macroscopic properties that are related to the microscopic phenomenon. The physical properties of solids and liquids, in general, are described by their shape, size, mass, volume, etc. Gases, however, have no definite shape, and size. Furthermore, their mass and volume are not directly measurable. In such cases, the KTG can be successfully applied to extract the physical properties of the gaseous system.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century CE. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

In 2019, the EU legislature introduced a right in favour of press publishers over their press publications. The rationale supporting EU intervention in relation to Article 15 of Directive 2019/790 on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSMD) is multi-fold, ranging from support for press publishers when licensing the use of press publications to ensuring a fair marketplace and the protection of a free and pluralist press in performing its societal functions. Article 15 CDSMD has now been transposed at the national level. Despite the harmonizing objective of EU legislature, the resulting legal landscape across the EU appears fragmented. Focusing on the exclusion of ‘very short extracts’ of press publications and considering selected divergent national transpositions, this chapter investigates whether such divergences will thwart the harmonization objective of 15 CDSMD, whether they are incompatible with EU law, and, if so, what the solutions could be. The chapter’s title question is answered: harmonization is necessary, but where the instrument chosen is a directive, national legislatures must correctly interpret and act within the freedom afforded to them under EU law. In many national transpositions of Article 15 CDSMD, this has not occurred.