The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century CE. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to

• Understand the meaning of three processes of heat flow: conduction, convection, and radiation

• Know about thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and steady-state condition of a thermal conductor

• Derive Fourier's one-dimensional heat flow equation and solve it in the steady state

• Derive the mathematical expression for the temperature distribution in a lagged bar

• Derive the amount of heat flow in a cylindrical and a spherical thermal conductor

• Solve numerical problems and multiple choice questions on the process of conduction of heat

6.1 Introduction

Heat is the thermal energy transferred between different substances that are maintained at different temperatures. This energy is always transferred from the hotter object (which is maintained at a higher temperature) to the colder one (which is maintained at a lower temperature). Heat is the energy arising due to the movement of atoms and molecules that are continuously moving around, hitting each other and other objects. This motion is faster for the molecules with a largeramount of energy than the molecules with a smaller amount of energy that causes the former to have more heat. Transfer of heat continues until both objects attain the same temperature or the same speed. This transfer of heat depends upon the nature of the material property determined by a parameter known as thermal conductivity or coefficient of thermal conduction. This parameter helps us to understand the concept of transfer of thermal energy from a hotter to a colder body, to differentiate various objects in terms of the thermal property, and to determine the amount of heat conducted from the hotter to the colder region of an object. The transfer of thermal energy occurs in several situations:

• When there exists a difference in temperature between an object and its surroundings,

• When there exists a difference in temperature between two objects in contact with each other, and

• When there exists a temperature gradient within the same object.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century CE. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

Given an analytic self-map ϕ : D → D, called the symbol of the composition operator, we can always define

Both John Milton and Andrew Marvell have been revaluated in recent years. Yet this is the first sustained scholarly work to compare the two great seventeenth-century poets. In his new book, which stands as the culmination of a distinguished academic career, Warren Chernaik examines the relationship of the two writers and their complex responses to their troubled times. The poets were close friends, yet the trajectory of their careers and their posthumous reputations differed significantly. As well as taking an active part in the major political and religious upheavals of their times, both poets engaged seriously with classical, Christian, and humanist thought. Combining close readings of their poetry and prose with detailed consideration of historical and intellectual context, Chernaik sheds fresh light on the enduring works of poets whose words still resonate strongly with today’s readers.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century AD. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well as offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

This chapter draws together the findings from the connected analytical pieces and relates them to other cases and research from the fields of social movements studies and scholarship on the far right. As borne out by the case studies as well as by most of the cases covered in the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), far-right demonstration campaigns are not typically mobilised around short-term rationales but instead are intended to endure. Since modes of institutionalisation are less open to far-right, particularly extreme-right movements, regular demonstrations are a convenient tool to maintain mobilisation and movement cohesion. The chapter highlights key findings of the study, including that counter-mobilisation by anti-far-right social actors is typically an indispensable factor in bringing about the demobilisation of far-right collective action.

This study examines the rich diversity of musical instruments and music and dance traditions in Spain, exploring those historically documented and those still thriving today. These cultural practices have been imbued with social, political, and ideological significance, becoming integral elements of Spain’s cultural heritage. The research also investigates the ongoing transformations within these traditions since the late nineteenth century, driven by the involvement of cultural and governmental institutions, musicians, enthusiasts, and various social groups. Case studies, including the Catalan sardana, the Galician gaita (bagpipes), music from Holy Week celebrations, and the rabel (rebec) and its jota repertoires in Cantabria, are analysed as representative examples. This approach to traditional music and dance aims to challenge common stereotypes and exoticised perceptions of Spanish culture. It underscores the complexity of these musical traditions, highlighting their vitality and role as markers of regional and national identity, while also addressing the challenges they face in an urbanised, dynamic, post-industrial, and increasingly secularised society.

This chapter summarises current guidelines for the assessment, investigation and management of menopausal symptoms and its pertinence to psychiatry. We explain the use of hormone replacement therapy including oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone to manage common symptoms of perimenopause and menopause. Reference is made to the current NICE prescribing guidelines and consideration given to management of genitourinary symptoms of menopause (GSM) as well as surgical menopause and primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Specific attention is given to the management of menopause in breast cancer. Other hormonal treatments, non-hormonal treatments, psychological and lifestyle interventions are also reviewed. Overall, this chapter emphasises the importance of taking a holistic, patient-centred approach to the management or menopause. Through knowledge of treatment options and evaluation of individual risk factors, patients can be empowered to make decisions regarding preference and choice of treatment in order to create individual treatment regimens that optimise symptom management.

This chapter conceives of Black Lives Matter-era poetry of mourning as forms of elegiac activism through which contemporary Black poets, including Lauren Alleyne, Mahogany Browne, Sequoia Maner, darlene anita scott, Nate Marshall, and Jericho Brown, achieve interconnected aims of refusing the naturalization of police and vigilante murders while making legible the ecology of US racism and of opening up a space to affirm Black being – or what Kevin Quashie terms “Black aliveness” – so that they participate in the antiracist struggle without being defined solely by it. Examining the work of poets who have been part of artistic resistance via #Blackpoetsspeakout videos as well as that of those who are better known for their published collections, this chapter also shows the diverse range of available forms and modes Black poets avail themselves of as they engage in elegiac activism and the Black world-building that it entails. Ultimately, this chapter emphasizes the durability of poetry in general and elegy in particular as intergenerational vehicles that link the poets and racial-justice movements of decades past to the pressing concerns of the present as well as to Black futures.

This chapter explores the regulatory challenges posed by the ‘extreme public sphere’: Alt Tech platforms that serve as media infrastructures for far-right ideologies. Triggered by the deplatforming of extremist accounts from mainstream platforms, platforms such as Gab, Bitchute, and Rumble emphasise near-absolute freedom of expression and minimal content moderation. These platforms amplify toxicity and potentially radicalise users through echo chambers. The chapter critiques the European Union’s regulatory responses, including the Digital Services Act and Codes of Conduct/Practice on hate speech and disinformation. These instruments assume that platforms are economically motivated, incentivised to maintain ‘clean’ environments for advertisers and users. However, Alt Tech platforms primarily act politically and rely on donations and subscriptions rather than advertising. As they have fewer users than mainstream platforms, they evade the risk audits and stringent obligations mandated for Very Large Online Platforms. Despite nominal compliance with legal requirements, such as user-driven moderation, Alt Tech platforms continue to host significant volumes of hate speech and disinformation. While regulation is essential, addressing the broader societal conditions that enable far-right ideologies – structural discrimination, inequality, and distrust – is critical. A whole-society approach that considers the entire communicative ecosystem could foster a more inclusive and resilient digital public sphere.

This chapter focuses on how AI influences arbitrators’ core tasks and decision-making – a development often described as ‘centaur arbitration’ – while recognising that, for now, the widespread use of AI by counsel is the main driver pushing this evolution forward. We address three central questions: (a) How do arbitrators currently use AI, and how might this develop in the future? (b) What challenges arise, and how do emerging guidelines seek to address them? (c) How does the use of AI by all arbitration participants affect the tribunal’s role and the balance between party autonomy, due process, and efficiency? By examining current practices alongside likely future developments, this chapter offers insights for practitioners and policymakers navigating the rapidly changing intersection of AI and arbitration. It shows how AI may redefine the tribunal’s responsibilities and reshape relationships within proceedings, highlighting the need for proactive regulation and thoughtful adaptation. Rather than advancing a normative conclusion, we aim to encourage reflection on how technological progress may influence our understanding of fairness, justice, and procedural integrity in arbitration.

This chapter examines the representation of militarized modernity in American literature through three Korean immigrant writers: Richard E. Kim, Ty Pak, and Henz Insu Fenkl. Initially developed to explain anticommunist statecraft and gendered citizenship in South Korea during its military regimes, militarized modernity proves a productive term for exploring the culture of the migratory circuit between South Korea and the United States. By reading Korean immigrant writers through the lens of militarized modernity, the chapter goes against the critical tendency to view militarized modernity as exclusive to countries in the developing world. Instead, it argues that Korean immigrant writings show militarized modernity as already a part of American literature by foregrounding the traces of their own context of production that register both US imperialism and the ambiguous, changing status of South Korea from occupied country to ally, and finally, to sub-empire.