Traditional Knowledge (TK) refers to any knowledge that results from intellectual activity in a traditional context. In addition to knowledge, TK may include practices, skills, and innovations. It embodies the traditional lifestyles of Indigenous peoples and local communities, and is passed down through the generations. As it has been pointed out, it is a living body of knowledge that is developed, sustained, and passed on from generation to generation within a community, often forming part of its cultural or spiritual identity. As such, it is not easily protected by the current IP system, which typically grants protection for a limited period to inventions and original works by named individuals or companies. The chapter reflects on the different ways in which TK can be protected through IP, and its importance and value in an economic context which encourages sustainable practices. Finally, an analysis is given of the extent to which TK may be affected by the practice of upcycling and if (as it happens with regard to other IP rights as trademarks) there is a conflict between them.

This chapter identifies and locates the ethos of the Society of Umbra amidst the effervescent countercultural scenes of New York’s Lower East Side and, later, in the Bay Area. It engages with the various ways in which writers, artists, and poets of Umbra created multiethnic and multidisciplinary creative and performative scenes that brought together “schools” including the New York School, the Black Mountain Poets, and the Beat Generation, with African American poets exploring the best poetic and political possibilities the cross-fertilization of the Lower East Side scene allowed. Such a stance later expanded into vibrant collaborations with Chicano/a, Asian American, and Indigenous poets and performers, which helped in the formation of collectives and coalitions that asserted Third World internationalist politics of resistance in the Bay Area. This chapter argues that, as members of the Society of Umbra sought to define and outline the contours of “black” poetic praxes that anticipated the Black Arts Movement, they also cultivated relationships with various creative communities which affirmed the collaborative mindset central to the Umbra ethos.

I was initially diagnosed at my local hospital, but was able to change to the University of Tokyo Hospital. I was then told of the punishing treatment I would receive. We also found out my cancer was HPV-related, as many neck cancers.

Learning Outcomes After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to

• Know various types of thermodynamic systems such as open, closed, and isolated, and the surroundings

• Classify between intensive and extensive thermodynamic variables

• Understand various types of equilibrium conditions satisfied by a thermodynamic system

• State the zeroth law of thermodynamics and highlight its physical significance

• Comprehend the idea of temperature from the zeroth law of thermodynamics

• Solve numerical problems and multiple choice questions on thermodynamic equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics

7.1 Introduction

Heat is a form of energy. It can be transformed from one form to another as well as can be transferred between various objects maintained at suitable temperatures. For example, in an electric motor, heat is transformed into mechanical energy by the turbine to power the motor. This mechanical energy is then transformed into electrical energy by the engine to illuminate light bulbs. “Thermodynamics” is a branch of physics that deals with heat and the transformation of heat from one form to another, work, temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and other physical properties of matter and radiation. It establishes the relation between heat and various forms of energy and describes the transformations that occur in thermal energy from one energy state to another and how this transformation affects matter. A thermodynamic system is described within a framework based on the four laws of thermodynamics that facilitate a quantitative description of the average macroscopic properties of the system in equilibrium. Macroscopic matter refers to large objects that consist of many atoms and molecules. The average properties of such macroscopic systems are determined by the physical quantities such as volume, pressure, and temperature that do not depend upon the detailed microscopic positions and velocities of the atoms and the molecules comprising the macroscopic system. In the equilibrium state of a thermodynamic system, these average properties also do not change with time. These physical quantities are called thermodynamic coordinates, variables, or parameters. If a subset of these properties are experimentally measured, the rest of them can be calculated using thermodynamic relations. Thermodynamics not only gives the exact description of the state of equilibrium but also provides an approximate description (to a very high degree of precision!) of relatively slow processes. This branch of physics can be successfully applied to a wide variety of topics in science, such as physics, physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering, but also in other complex fields, such as meteorology.

During the nineteenth century, the image of an ‘authentic Spain’ – detached from European modernity – became consolidated. According to this idea, the ‘Renaissance’ of Spanish music, represented by the emblematic figures of Albéniz, Granados, and Falla, would have occurred as a result of a return to the essence of the country, embodied in popular tradition. The nineteenth century thus appears – on the whole – as a time of chaos and decadence. However, Spain’s nineteenth-century musical culture was not merely another link in a linear historical chain, but rather a moment of profound reconfiguration of the entire musical field. It was during this century that the concepts of music and the Spanish nation acquired the meaning we attribute to them today. The main objective of this chapter is to outline these transformations, avoiding both the pessimism of a supposed musical void and, conversely, the indiscriminate rehabilitation of ‘unjustly forgotten’ musicians. Conceived as an illustrative example, this contribution seeks to shed light – through the intersection of sacred music, Romantic aesthetics, and new philharmonic concert practices – on the relationship that emerged in the new century between historicism and progress, categories that ultimately shaped the culture of classical music in Spain.

The Introduction explains important concepts and what they mean in this book. It also outlines the project scope, which covers both written and spoken uses of machine translation to fulfil communication and information access purposes in one of the sectors selected for analysis. Following a brief historical account of how social conceptions of machine translation have changed, the Introduction addresses a recent shift in translation research towards multilingual communication practices that take place outside education settings or the language services industry. Given how fast language technologies are evolving, it will not take long for the tools and types of human–computer interaction that appear in the book to change quite significantly. The Introduction addresses implications of this dynamic landscape for this book specifically and for translation and multilingual communication research more broadly.

We comprehensively analyse different aspects of electronic properties, including the electron density, the band structure, the density of states, atomic charges, differences between metals and insulators, and so on. Numerous real-world examples facilitate understanding, equipping readers with the knowledge to interpret and apply these properties effectively in computational mineral physics.

How do poets participating in a Black poetry community navigate between collective purpose and creative individuality, with respect to both political and artistic goals? This chapter engages this and related questions, offering an account of Cave Canem as a resource and force within contemporary Black poetry – but not in an institutional history. My focus here is not the foundation that has been an engine of empowerment and an influential player in the world of twenty-first-century American literature, but rather the ongoing, dynamic gathering of writers that describes itself as “a home for Black poetry.” What can we learn by constructing an aesthetic history of this organization? This effort will lay the groundwork for future scholarship that can more thoroughly explore what Cave Canem demonstrates about the power of collective action and mutual support to change culture, as well as the gravitational pull of the culturally familiar.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century AD. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well as offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to

• Learn the basic concept of the theory of probability

• List the assumptions used in the derivation of Maxwell's speed distribution law

• Derive Maxwell's speed distribution law and test its validity experimentally

• Calculate average, root mean square and most probable speed, energy, and momentum in one, two, and three dimensions, respectively

• State and prove the law of equipartition of energy

• Calculate the specific heat of gases

• Solve numerical problems and multiple choice questions on the distribution of molecular speed, energy, and momentum

3.1 Introduction

In Chapter 2, various characteristic features of a gaseous system based on the model of the kinetic theory of gases (KTG) have been discussed elaborately. Macroscopic properties and various relations among the thermodynamic variables have been explained in terms of this kinetic model.

According to the assumptions used in this model, a gaseous system is composed of a large number of particles (atoms or molecules) with practically no volume occupied by them. Most of the times, these molecules move randomly through empty space at temperatures above absolute zero, and such motions remain unaffected by the presence of other particles. This motion of the molecules is extremely chaotic and is characterized by straight-line trajectories interrupted by collisions with other molecules or with a physical boundary. In such a collision, the transfer of kinetic energy with a change in direction takes place depending on the nature of the relative kinetic energies of the particles. Any individual molecule collides with others at a huge rate, typically of the order of a billion times per second. This chapter is focused to present a comprehensive and quantitative discussion on the distributions of velocities, energies, and momenta of these molecules in various dimensions.

Measurement of the velocities of the molecules at a given time leads to a large distribution of values; some molecules may move very slowly and others very quickly. As these molecules move constantly in different directions, the velocity could be momentarily equal to zero