This chapter is about trust. It is the only chapter in the book that considers the opinions of professionals who had not used machine translation at work. Most of these professionals were prepared to use machine translation if needed. Some were enthusiastic about it. Others had reservations which they would want to see addressed before deciding to use a machine translation tool. These reservations included: (1) concerns about accuracy; (2) concerns about privacy and confidentiality; (3) perceptions of social and professional norms and whether their use of machine translation would be accepted by others; and (4) concerns about how machine translation may lack ‘the human touch’ in sensitive interactions. The chapter examines human communication in relation to the concept of empathy and AI’s ability to mimic it. It ends with a discussion of workplace training by exploring what machine translation users would like to see covered in initiatives aimed at enhancing their trust judgment abilities.

This illustrates the theme of patient-centred spirituality by way of two case studies: one of a clinical encounter of the author with a patient in which neither spirituality nor religion was explicitly mentioned, and another in which the author was asked to see a patient because of a specifically religious concern. The first of these is interpreted in light of the work on spirituality in psychotherapy undertaken by Jeremy Holmes who, in turn, takes up the thinking of Donald Winnicott about transitional space. Spirituality is concerned with an ability to adopt a viewpoint outside oneself and to develop humility and a ‘negative capability’. The published views of patients suggest that spirituality/religion are explicitly important to many, even in a secular country like the UK, and that they would like them to be taken into account in treatment. It is proposed that there is ‘no such thing as a patient’, only encounters between human beings, one of whom is professionally identified as a physician (psychiatrist) and one as a patient. The authenticity of the human encounter, albeit within certain professional constraints, forms the basis for an effective therapeutic alliance.

Chapter 4 is the first of the four analytical chapters anchored in the qualitative interviews, and focuses on the topic of women’s representation in the MENA at the national level. The chapter presents an overview of women in parliament from independence to the present day, covering the right to vote and stand for office as well as the number of female parliamentarians per country following the most recent elections. The analysis then moves onto barriers to women’s representation, beginning with the pre-nomination stage and the role of factors such as patriarchy and violence against women. The subsequent sections detail different paths to parliament in the pre- and post-Uprisings eras. Among the topics covered are internal party culture and electoral rules, as well as the background characteristics of the women who make it in politics. The final part of chapter 4 is dedicated to the factors behind success at the campaign stage and once in office with particular reference to the importance of extra-party networks, access to finances and qualifications, as well as the issues of discrimination and self-discrimination at the time of portfolio allocation.

The adoption of AI in arbitration practice has increased significantly in the past few years. Even though AI has not been adopted to date for the purpose of arbitral decision-making in international commercial arbitration, questions arise regarding its use in the decision-making process by arbitrators. There have been new regulatory developments on this in the past year with the publication of several guidelines on the use of AI in international commercial arbitration and the promulgation of the EU AI Act. The chapter carries out an analysis of these instruments and the current arbitration framework in order to provide a clarification on the evolving position of the law on this matter. The chapter namely explores the extent to which the regulatory framework considers that the use of AI tools in the decision-making process by arbitrators could lead to influencing the arbitrators’ decision, which could lead to delegation of justice. The chapter argues that the international commercial arbitration framework does not expressly prohibit the use of AI in decision-making by arbitrators but that this use can come under breach of the arbitrator’s personal mandate and due process.

In late 1593, Jesuits from various parts of the world gathered in Rome for its Fifth General Congregation. One of the outcomes of this assembly upon its completion in January 1594 was the decision to launch the campaign to canonize Ignatius.1 By then, portrayals abounded of the founder that sought to create a definitive representation of his life and virtues. From the earliest biographies prepared during his lifetime to the ones that actuated his posthumous reputation, the most important miracle, as was often repeated, was the foundation of the Society of Jesus. Intercessory healings and manipulations of nature held little import to these narratives. Instead, his biographers wanted to portray Ignatius as an effective, sober, yet pious administrator of a religious order most often in prudential terms. Despite its contested status in some quarters, such portrayals would ground the Society in Catholicism amid and after the Council of Trent. Ignatian images, while initially preoccupied with his visage, followed a similar pattern starting in the 1590s. At that time, small scenes from his life would be inserted around Ignatius in profile. Like with the biographies, the engravings’ narrative decoded the establishment of the Society. This chapter examines the creation of definitive portrayals of the Jesuit founder before 1593, which were ambivalent about his intercessions. Instead, the priority was to show the creation of a new organization, its legitimacy in Catholicism, and lastly its growth during the generalcy of Ignatius followed by the large-scale expansion of the Jesuits in subsequent decades. Despite the largely secular lens of these portrayals, the supernatural required inclusion since much of the progress of Ignatius spiritually and the Society corporately involved visions and other occurrences not of the temporal plane.

The chapter starts during Ignatius’s tenure as superior-general (r. 1541–1556) in which there were efforts to draft a life of the founder for intramural benefit. This section will map out the key biographical moments taken from these early narratives. Despite the desire for a written life of their founder, Ignatius was an uneager participant, whose disdain extended to his refusal to sit for a portrait. It was only upon his death in 1556 that a painter could produce an image, which relied on a death mask cast of the unwilling sitter. In the decades after his passing, the demand for portrayals grew. One response was the printing in 1572 of the Life of Ignatius of Loyola (Vita Ignatii Loiolae) by the Spanish Jesuit Pedro de Ribadeneyra, who knew the founder closely. While John O’Malley and Evonne Levy situated Ribadeneyra’s biography in the humanist tradition, Jodi Bilinkoff associated it more with the development of edifying religious narratives.2

This chapter traces how contemporary media pass through different regulatory zones and examines the different rules that govern each zone and how the zones relate to each other. It briefly charts the recent and ongoing evolution of the media, from analogue roots to generative AI futures, and notes the fundamental rights and regulatory ramifications of technology-driven innovations. It draws an analytical line from these conceptualisations through to the contemporary threats to media freedom that regulation urgently needs to address.

This chapter analyzes the marketing of upcycled products from a perspective of European and German unfair competition law. As part of the sustainability trend, some traders use upcycled products to enhance their image or develop new business models. Marketing such products must not only comply with trademark law but also with unfair competition law rules. Under Articles 6, 7 UCP Directive, traders must not mislead consumers about a product’s commercial origin. When upcycling involves third-party products, consumers might wrongly assume the upcycled items come from the original producer, especially when both operate in similar markets. Clear information is therefore required to prevent confusion. If traders reference the original products in their advertising, the rules on comparative advertising under MCA Directive may apply, since even broadly interchangeable goods, like wine bottles upcycled into vases, can qualify as competitors. Additionally, German unfair competition law may restrict practices that exploit another trader’s reputation. For instance, using luxury goods to create everyday items could unlawfully damage the reputation of the original brand.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century AD. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well as offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

Access to justice is a fundamental right, yet for millions of people around the world resolution of legal problems via both formal and informal means is not available, affordable, accessible, or understandable. This chapter explains how artificial intelligence (AI) is making a practical difference in the problems of everyday people through the exploration of three case studies: two expert systems, including both an eviction defence system and a tool to help with a high-volume immigration clinic, and a conversational AI tool that incorporates a large language model to provide legal information to tenants in Illinois. Ultimately, this chapter shows the range of impacts that AI will have on the legal profession, from methods of legal service delivery, to replacing routine legal tasks, or by offering significant support by freeing up resources and providing essential legal assistance to those who might otherwise go without. Through concrete examples and discussions of both benefits and challenges, we invite legal professionals and policymakers to consider AI’s role in creating a more just global legal system.

Both John Milton and Andrew Marvell have been revaluated in recent years. Yet this is the first sustained scholarly work to compare the two great seventeenth-century poets. In his new book, which stands as the culmination of a distinguished academic career, Warren Chernaik examines the relationship of the two writers and their complex responses to their troubled times. The poets were close friends, yet the trajectory of their careers and their posthumous reputations differed significantly. As well as taking an active part in the major political and religious upheavals of their times, both poets engaged seriously with classical, Christian, and humanist thought. Combining close readings of their poetry and prose with detailed consideration of historical and intellectual context, Chernaik sheds fresh light on the enduring works of poets whose words still resonate strongly with today’s readers.

7A Planck's units

In 1899, Max Planck first proposed his radical theory of energy quantization. He proposed to build a system of “natural units” from a few of the more important constants in physics. These important constants include the speed of light, the universal gravitational constant, the Planck constant, and the Boltzmann constant. These quantities have great significance in various fields in physics. Combining these fundamental constant quantities, Planck generated various expressions with units of mass, length, time, and temperature. These units are known as Planck units. These four units signify us something different about the nature of reality. Before describing these units, a brief description about the four fundamental physical constants is presented below.

7A.1 The speed of light 𝑐

The speed of light c in a vacuum is a natural unit for speed and has magnitude 𝑐 = 299, 792, 458 ms−1. According to the special theory of relativity, this speed is the upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter or energy can travel through space. It is the universal “speed limit”. It was recognized during the information age that the photons of electromagnetic radiation and material objects are used as the carriers of information. The speed of light is then a restriction on the speed at which information may travel. The speed of light can be used in time of flight measurements to measure large distances to extremely high precision. In a paper published in 1865, James Clerk Maxwell proposed that light is an electromagnetic wave and travels at speed c. In 1905, Albert Einstein postulated that the speed of light c with respect to any inertial frame of reference is a constant and is independent of the motion of the light source.

7A.2 Universal gravitational constant𝐺

The gravitational constant, denoted by the capital letter G, is an empirical physical constant with magnitude 𝐺 = 6.67428 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2. This universal gravitational constant is involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Einstein's theory of general relativity.

Chapter 7 begins with a discussion of how colonialism and the climate issue in the MENA are strongly linked, and how this relationship affects not only development trajectories, but also the status of the climate as a policy area and women’s representation. The second part of the chapter covers Othering, that is, the portrayal of women as vulnerable victims or saviours, focusing on the dangers of feminizing vulnerability and responsibility, whilst also showcasing how Othering of women in the Global South occurs among female parliamentarians in the MENA. In terms of the global climate crisis, this has led to a situation where the climate issue is not prioritized as much as it could be if the female parliamentarians were more accountable to the electorate and identified more strongly with a broader group of women, that is, beyond the narrow elite segment of the population from which they themselves were recruited. At present, those that are the most passionate about combatting the climate crisis are the youth, whereas those who stand to gain the most are marginalized women — two groups that are nothing like the female parliamentarians, who are supposed to act in their interest.

With many women in perimenopause experiencing a subjective sense of change in cognitive function, understanding normal cognitive function in perimenopause is important for clinicians in day-to-day practice. This chapter aims to equip mental health professionals with the knowledge and confidence to appropriately explore cognitive concerns arising during the perimenopause. The chapter outlines normal cognitive function in perimenopause, exploring symptoms and how they may present, as well as aiming to identify who may be at greater risk from cognitive change. It then offers suggestions on how to support women to reduce symptoms of cognitive dysfunction as far as is practicable. The chapter later explores the role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on both cognition in perimenopause and beyond into postmenopause, as well as considering the impact HRT has on the brain and risk of dementia in later life. With up to 45% of dementia now felt to be preventable, the chapter discusses the role of the healthcare professional in identifying risks presenting around the time of perimenopause, allowing clinicians to then offer intervention and promote good brain health in mid-life leading into later-life.

In this chapter, we review emerging evidence on cultural differences in emotion regulation by featuring three key aspects. First, cultural contexts influence what people want to feel (i.e., emotion goals). Second, cultural contexts shape the means with which people try to change their emotions (i.e., emotion regulation strategies). Third, cultural contexts guide the extent to which people attend to emotions. Furthermore, cultural contexts influence the association between emotion regulation and well-being. Engaging in emotion regulation valued within one’s cultural contexts tends to be associated with better well-being and health, whereas engaging in devalued emotion regulation tends to be associated with poorer well-being and health. These findings on cultural differences in emotion regulation and their consequences for well-being and health provide insight into how cultural meaning systems shape individuals’ emotional experiences.