The Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) serves as a cornerstone of the EU’s efforts to align audiovisual media policies across Member States and candidate countries. Central to the Europeanisation process, the AVMSD aims to safeguard media freedom, pluralism, and cultural diversity while addressing emerging challenges in the digital landscape. However, the transfer of EU media policy has faced significant hurdles, particularly in candidate countries such as Serbia, Ukraine, and Georgia. These challenges include weak institutional capacity, limited independence of national regulatory authorities (NRAs), and the misalignment of EU policies with local contexts. The 2018 AVMSD revision introduced rules extending regulatory frameworks to video-sharing platforms and reinforced NRA independence. Yet enforcement remains inconsistent within the EU, complicating its transfer to countries grappling with systemic political and economic pressures. Furthermore, geopolitical tensions, disinformation, and internal governance failures amplify the risks of exporting untested or problematic EU practices. This chapter critically examines the EU’s media policy transfer mechanisms, highlighting their inadequacies in fostering resilient governance structures. It underscores the need for reciprocal feedback during the accession process, advocating for reforms that integrate diverse cultural and political contexts. These insights contribute to rethinking Europeanisation to strengthen media governance and democratic values.

Developmental scientists have documented the emergence of social communication in infancy and childhood for nearly a century. Until relatively recently, the cultural context of infant communication was largely ignored. In fact, our current understanding is based on a handful of systematic observations as well as ethnographic descriptions of childhood across diverse settings. Here, the chapter describes the anthropological and psychological research documenting the emergence of early communication as well as describes the social supports surrounding infants during the first few years of life across cultures. It also describes what is known about the social context of infants in a western and urban society and contrasts this with our knowledge of the social context in settings that are non-western and typically rural. The aim is to explicate the ontogenetic development of early communication cutting across cultural boundaries as well as describing interesting variations based on limited existing data across diverse social contexts.

4A Chemical Potential

Very often, the term “chemical potential” is not well understood by the students. After studying thermal physics and statistical mechanics for several times, students are still in a lot of confusion about the meaning of the term “chemical potential”. This quantity is represented by the letter 𝜇. Typically, students learn the definition of 𝜇, its properties, its derivation in some simple cases, and its consequences, and work out numerical problems on it. Still, students ask the question: “What is the chemical potential?” and “What does it actually mean?” Attempts are made in this appendix to clarify the meaning of this physical quantity 𝜇 with some simple examples.

The concept of chemical potential has appeared first in the classical works of J. W. Gibbs. Since then, it has become actually a subtle concept in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. It is not easy to grasp the meaning and significance of chemical potential 𝜇, like thermodynamic concepts such as temperature 𝑇 , internal energy 𝐸, or even entropy 𝑆. In fact, chemical potential 𝜇 has acquired a reputation as a concept not easy to grasp even for the experienced physicist. Chemical potential was introduced by Gibbs within the context of an extensive exposition on the foundations of statistical mechanics. In his exposition, Gibbs considered a grand canonical ensemble of systems in which the exchange of particles occurs with the surroundings. In this description, the chemical potential 𝜇 appears as a constant required for a necessary closure to the corresponding set of equations. Thus, a fundamental connection with thermodynamics is achieved by observing that the unknown constant 𝜇 is indeed related to standard thermodynamic functions like the Helmholtz free energy 𝐹 = 𝑈 − 𝑇 𝑆 or the Gibbs thermodynamic potential 𝐺 = 𝐹 + 𝑃 𝑉 through their first derivatives. 𝜇, in fact, appeared as a conjugate variable to volume V. 4A.1 Comments about chemical potential

We are familiar with the term potential used in mechanical and electrical system. A capacity factor is associated with each potential term. For example, in a mechanical system, mass is the capacity factor associated with the gravitational potential 𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1), where ℎ1 and ℎ2 are the corresponding heights, and the gravitational work done is given by 𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1).

In an act of reconciliation following the tumultuous student protests of 1968, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia gifted the students a building in the center of Belgrade – a student-managed “safe space” where they could freely express their views and creativity. The space, which officially opened in 1971, became the iconic Student Cultural Center (Studentski kulturni centar, SKC). It was the birthplace of the New Art Practice in Yugoslavia headed by groundbreaking artists Marina Abramović and the “Belgrade Six,” and a young group of rebellious composers and performers – Opus 4 and the Ensemble for Different New Music – who defined a new era of avant-garde art with performance and conceptual art, minimalism, Cage-style experimentalism, Fluxus, and the use of multimedia. Informed by archival documents, Chapter 7 charts the compelling history of the SKC and how artistic and music programming by young, daring artists contributed to its meteoric rise and international popularity.

Chapter 1 sets out the foundations of the book, beginning with a basic discussion of what is climate change and the global climate crisis. The chapter then moves on to the important Global North-Global South colonial context and the fundamental issues of environmental justice, climate justice and carbon colonialism. From there, the discussion ventures into an overview of who bears the brunt of climate change, concluding in a final section on the calls for a gender-based approach to solving the global climate crisis and the rationale for the book.

Technology has become the ‘fourth party’ in dispute resolution through the growing field of online dispute resolution (ODR), which includes using a broad spectrum of technologies in negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and everything in between. Furthermore, AI has become a particularly powerful fourth party, and may even become the third party in some situations where AI makes the decision. Accordingly, it is imperative that professionals and policymakers tread cautiously and remain responsible in their use of AI in dispute prevention and resolution. This chapter will discuss foundational considerations around the benefits and risks of AI in dispute resolution, and the regulations as well as ethical guidelines that should remain a top priority when using AI in civil dispute resolution.

The 1988 Romanian cup final brought together the communist regime’s two most bitter rivals: Dinamo Bucharest, sponsored by the secret police ‘the Securitate’, and Steaua Bucharest, Romania’s army team, whose president was Valentin Ceauşescu, the football-mad son of the country’s dictator, Nicolae. Dinamo had dominated Romanian football in the early 1980s, but Steaua then turned the tables, becoming in 1986 the first Eastern European team to win the European Cup. The 1988 final was an edgy affair that ended in chaos, after a linesman chalked off a last-minute Steaua winner for offside. Steaua refused to return to the pitch for extra time, so Dinamo claimed the trophy, before the authorities quickly re-awarded it to Steaua. Rumours swirled that Dinamo defender Ioan Andone made an obscene gesture at the VIP box. After the collapse of the socialist republic and execution of Nicolae Ceauşescu in December 1989, Steaua renounced all claims to the 1988 Romanian Cup. An intriguing insight into the political madness and football rivalry that characterised one of the Cold War’s darkest dictatorships, the chapter shows how football helped to bring down communism in Eastern Europe.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century AD. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well as offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.