The first part of the phonon analysis is focused on the Gamma point. This leads to defining the infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The dispersion of the acoustic modes around Gamma defines the Brillouin spectroscopy. We introduce third-order derivatives of the energy to obtain the Raman tensors.

This excerpt is from a testimony recalled by an eyewitness, who claimed to have seen four Naxalites being killed in an ‘encounter’ by the police in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It appears in the interim report of the Civil Rights Committee (an unofficial, voluntary committee set up to investigate several ‘encounter’ killings of Naxalite prisoners) released in 1977. The committee was comprised of prominent civil society figures, lawyers, activists and journalists. The report claimed that the police ‘encounters’ they investigated were, in fact, extra-judicial killings. This claim anticipated what is today widely recognised in the public sphere, namely, that ‘encounters’ by the police or armed forces are often staged. The report was submitted to the prime minister of India and released to the press. The opposition raised questions in parliament regarding the claims of the report and a judicial commission of inquiry under Justice V. Bhargava was set up by the Andhra Pradesh government to conduct public hearings on the alleged encounters of Naxalites during and after the Emergency.

The report was a result of a fact-finding investigation. Fact-finding investigations are the predominant mode of activism for civil liberties groups in India. In a typical fact-finding investigation, an inquiry team is established on a one-off basis. The team visits the scene or site of the case, ascertains facts, identifies those who are culpable and makes demands or recommendations.

By now I was halfway through the radiation treatment, emaciated and finding it very painful to eat. My fears of screaming in a public restaurant were not realised on this day – in fact I realised my vanity was a potential tool in helping me swallow.

The dense granules of platelets contain many molecules. Which of the following is found in dense granules?

We begin this chapter with a general principle. Originally, it was used in the framework of some specific spaces of analytic functions, often Hilbertian, mainly the Hardy space H2 or the Bergman space B2, but we shall apply it in many spaces, so it is worth stating as a general criterion.

The Television Without Frontiers Directive, introduced in 1989, was the EU’s first regulatory instrument under the audiovisual media policy, aiming to facilitate the circulation of television services throughout the Union. Since then, the audiovisual landscape has evolved significantly, with technological advancements and market shifts prompting revisions of the directive. In 2007, the scope of the directive was expanded to include video-on-demand services (e.g. Netflix), transforming the directive into the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD). In the years that followed years, influencers – creators of user-generated content on video-sharing platforms such as YouTube and TikTok – became established sources of audiovisual entertainment, information, education, and commercial communication. Today, they are in effective competition with traditional television and video-on-demand platforms. The most recent revision of the AVMSD in 2018 acknowledged this by no longer automatically excluding user-generated videos from the directive‘s scope. Despite this update, the regulatory framework remains deeply rooted in the twentieth-century media ecosystem, which was characterised by spectrum scarcity and television broadcasters as gatekeepers. This leads to challenges in applying and interpreting the AVMSD, hindering its ability to effectively achieve its policy goals.

The technique of star complements, together with the associated concept of star sets, is extended to the context of signed graphs. As in the case of ordinary graphs, a star complement is defined as a largest possible induced subgraph that does not contain a fixed eigenvalue of a given signed graph. This method provides an effective means of constructing larger graphs from smaller subgraphs, making it a valuable tool for the classification, construction and analysis of signed graphs with prescribed spectral properties. The chapter presents specific constructions of signed graphs with a fixed star complement, explores the maximal multiplicity of a given eigenvalue and examines star complementary decompositions of signed graphs.

This chapter focuses on the women who pioneered Black Power poetry recordings alongside the male artists whose work dominates critical discussions about the genre. Beginning with Margaret Walker and Gwendolyn Brooks’s contributions to Folkways’ Anthology of Negro Poetry (1954), the chapter explores the rapid growth of the genre in the late 1960s and early 1970s, examining the work of Maya Angelou, Sonia Sanchez, Nikki Giovanni, Laini Mataka (formerly Wanda Robinson), Sarah Webster Fabio, and Jayne Cortez. Their records represent women in control: as the leaders of bands, as publishers and producers, and as owners of record labels. Drawing on the inspiration of black music and musicians to infuse popular and avant-garde dimensions into their performances, these recordings catalyze personal and social transformation. Such multifaceted performances of blackness were carried out in the articulation of a dissident black femininity within and against a vigorously ambivalent commercialization.

This chapter traces the demobilisation process of the German People’s Union (Deutsche Volksunion, DVU) Congress campaign. The party mobilised this campaign at the Hall of the Nibelungs (Nibelungenhalle) in Passau as a means of supporting its electoral prospects as well as propagating revisionist historical narratives championed by the party leader. This case represents the largest grouping of negative demobilisation uncovered by the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), ‘civil counter-mobilisation’. Tracing the case helps identify a minimally sufficient causal explanation. The campaign faced private channelling that combined with internal factors to reduce participation in the campaign, as well as the removal of its preferred demonstration venue when local authorities approved the demolition of the Hall of the Nibelungs.

We explore the behaviour of the crystalline lattice under the action of external electric fields. We treat polarization as an energy derivative and define the atomic charges in terms of charge exchange; we define the dielectric tensors and visit the higher-order dielectric response of the lattice.

This chapter considers a range of Latin documentation and poetry composed in the late ninth and early tenth centuries, with a particular focus on the social settings in which the material was produced, consumed and performed. The chapter opens with an overview of the contemporary charter corpus, which is a rich mix of Latin and Old English documents drawn up in the names of royal, non-royal, ecclesiastic and lay individuals. This survey provides several points of comparison with the material examined in Chapters 2 and 3, and it allows us to consider the possible impact of Alfredian education reform. Consideration is given to the linguistic dynamics of the corpus and to examples that employ Latin specifically to enhance the performative potential of the document. Two sets of Latin poetry are then introduced – acrostic verses in praise of King Alfred and the ‘Metrical Calendar of Hampson’ – both of which were most probably composed within, and for, the milieu of the West Saxon court. The authorship, transmission and possible sources of inspiration for this poetry are considered. It is then argued, through a comparative discussion, that the performances of this Latin documentary and poetic material were critical to their value.

We explore in detail the treatment of the lattice energy under the action of various perturbations.

A scan showed that my cancers had almost disappeared (meaning my reluctance to have the second round of chemo was justified). We explored whether not having the intensive radiation treatment was required.