The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century AD. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well as offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

Lawrence’s rewriting of the third generation of The Rainbow created strains that were heightened in his revision of its typescript; they are supposed to be reconciled by the rainbow that Ursula sees at the end of the novel. Lawrence’s revision of the proofs introduced into the willed optimism of Ursula’s recovery from her injury, and the loss of her unborn child, an elevated language of eternity. Lawrence took this up from late July 1915 in rewriting his Italian travel sketches of 1912–13 for Twilight in Italy. The most striking additions are evocations of extreme states of being, deployed as diagnoses of how the war had come about. A major shift in his thinking, rejecting the language of eternity, can be located in a heavily overwritten two-page typescript fragment of ‘The Lemon Gardens’. The shift was inspired by John Burnet’s Early Greek Philosophy, especially by Empedocles’ embrace of opposing principles as explanations of change, thus (for Lawrence) undermining the subject–object divide fundamental to subsequent Western epistemology. ‘The Crown’, written almost in tandem with the travel book, took this further, but elusively.

This chapter traces the demobilisation process of the Ulrichsberg Celebration campaign in Austria. Veterans of Third Reich military forces had mobilised the campaign with the intention of commemorating Wehrmacht as well as Waffen-SS soldiery, asserting that comradeship is sacred, regardless of whether it was in the service of Nazi aggression and criminality. The qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) finds it covered by the closing opportunity pattern of demobilisation. Process tracing shows that the case was causally overdetermined with two potentially sufficient demobilisation causes present. However, there are good circumstantial grounds to conclude that the causation implied by the QCA pattern was decisive, in that a mechanism of resource deprivation was at work once the state withdrew essential material support for the campaign, causing demobilisation through closing opportunity.