In an era in which recycling is becoming almost an obligation that allows us to ensure the preservation of our planet, it is relevant to analyze the interferences between IPRs in the recycling activity. In this sense, it has been considered appropriate to study in this chapter the impact of the protection of artisanal and industrial geographical indications, especially now, when the European Union has adopted a new regulation. In Europe, artisanal and industrial geographical indications will protect porcelain, clothing, jewellery, and a wide variety of products resulting from the cultural heritage of European countries. It will be interesting in this regard to assess the limits that apply to geographical indications as IPRs. In particular, it will be interesting to analyze cases where parts of these protected products are used to create other recycled composite products, as well as the possibility of using recycled products for the creation of the protected products.

While recent years have seen a rapidly growing multidisciplinary interest in political emotions, the question of what makes an emotion political in the first place has received relatively scant attention. To remedy this, Thomas Szanto and Jan Slaby advance a novel account of political emotions according to which political emotions are unique kinds of collective attitudes that disclose a shared concern of political import, make a claim to public recognition and normatively regulate our political lives. Here, I argue that their account is inadequate, owing to its counterintuitive verdict that politically targeted emotions shaped by affective polarisation or out-party animus do not qualify as political. I then advance an alternative according to which emotions qualify as political by virtue of defeasibly motivating characteristic political actions and argue that my theory yields a promising analysis of political emotions that also has the resources to explain how affective polarisation shapes politically targeted emotions and why that makes them defective.

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to

• Demonstrate the meaning of reversible, irreversible, and quasi-static processes used in thermodynamics

• Explain heat engines, and their efficiency and indicator diagram

• Formulate the second law of thermodynamics and apply it to various thermodynamic processes

• Demonstrate an idea about entropy and its variation in various thermodynamic processes

• State and compare various statements of the second law of thermodynamics

• Elucidate the thermodynamic scale of temperature and its equivalence to the perfect gas scale

• Explain the principle of increase of entropy

• Understand the third law of thermodynamics and explain the significance of unattainability of absolute zero

• Solve numerical problems and multiple choice questions on the second law of thermodynamics

9.1 Introduction

The first law of thermodynamics states that only those processes can occur in nature in which the law of conservation of energy holds good. But our daily experience shows that this cannot be the only restriction imposed by nature, because there are many possible thermodynamic processes that conserve energy but do not occur in nature. For example, when two objects are in thermal contact with each other, the heat never flows from the colder object to the warmer one, even though this is not forbidden by the first law of thermodynamics. This simple example indicates that there are some other basic principles in thermodynamics that must be responsible for controlling the behavior of natural processes. One such basic principle is contained in the formulation of the second law of thermodynamics.

This principle limits the use of energy within a source and elucidates that energy cannot be arbitrarily passed from one object to another, just as heat cannot be transferred from a colder object to a hotter one without doing any external work. Similarly, cream cannot be separated from coffee without a chemical process that changes the physical characteristics of the system or its surroundings. Further, the internal energy stored in the air cannot be used to propel a car, or the energy of the ocean cannot be used to run a ship without disturbing something (surroundings) around that object.

Chapter 5 explores women’s substantive representation in the MENA. Whereas most previous studies have focused predominantly on what portfolios female politicians have been offered, the analysis here centres on which policy areas female parliamentarians in the MENA have pursued with a view to uncover the factors behind such choices. In other words, do female parliamentarians pursue portfolio areas based on their own gender and the presumed gendering of the portfolio area? According to their own experiences, does the number of women in parliament, women’s status in politics and women in central positions within the party leadership play a role in what policy areas they themselves pursue and are offered? Do they think the electoral system plays a role and, if yes, how? Are they attracted to the climate (or environment) portfolio? And what role do factors such as geography, qualifications and expertise play?

Regarding a normal secondary follicle in a lymph node:

The Introduction sets the stage for ‘Computational Mineral Physics’, providing a concise overview of key topics. We start with the Earth’s internal structure, highlighting its core, mantle, and crust. Next, we touch on thermodynamic concepts like enthalpy, free energy, and the phase rule, crucial for interpreting phase diagrams. “Some Notions of Crystallography” introduces symmetry, direct and reciprocal space, and their significance in crystal structure analysis. Tensors are briefly discussed, essential for studying anisotropic properties. Last, we mention basic Linux/Unix commands for efficient data handling.

This chapter analyses the political economy of Rwanda’s financial sector. It presents the evolution of Rwanda’s national banking sector and the ways the Rwandan Patriotic Front has sought to mobilise domestic resources to invest in strategic sectors. It provides an overview of how African financial sectors have been transformed in varied ways through adapting to three kinds of financial sector reforms: policies influenced by the market-led consensus, developmentalist strategies and the influence of offshore sectors. Rwanda, in its attempt to transform Kigali into a financial sector while mobilising state-driven investments for strategic investments and adopting ‘best practice’ financial sector reforms, encapsulates the contradictions associated with being influenced by these three sets of policies concurrently. Next, the chapter describes how the Rwandan government has innovatively mobilised domestic resources to fund strategic investments. Innovations include its pension fund, the Rwanda Social Security Board. The chapter concludes by discussing how elite vulnerability has constrained the capacity of the Rwandan government to concentrate resources and financial expertise in one specific financial institution, thereby inhibiting the effectiveness of strategic investments.

What should a nurse do when non-speakers of the local language come to the ward seeking information about a loved one? What should a receptionist do when they need to book an appointment and a language barrier takes them by surprise? How can an emergency call handler let a caller know that a human interpreter is being contacted? Chapter 3 examines circumstances in which the risks of multilingual AI are ostensibly low. It proposes a distinction between ancillary and core communication but argues that communicative settings are fluid. What starts as ancillary communication can easily turn into core care, so risk is not associated with specific roles or with levels of professional seniority. The chapter argues that, in the sectors under analysis, communication is rarely risk-free. Even where machine translation may not directly lead to harm or loss of life, it may be a feature of complex communicative environments which pose significant systemic risks.