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It's true that we find several definitions of philosophy in Deleuze's work. But if we have privileged one of them, that is not because it appears with the first publication by Deleuze in 1956,1 runs through the entire corpus2 and reaches completion in 1991.3 It is because in a certain way all the other definitions are deduced from our central formula. First, to the extent that this formula presupposes a theory of the concept, it allows us to define philosophy as the theory of what we do (the concept gives a consistency to the virtual4), counter-effectuation of the event (the concept constitutes it), practice in itself (the concept is itself an objective reality), theory of multiplicities (the concept is connected to affects and functions5), vision of the invisible (the concept is inseparable from a percept). It is then the second element, the notion of the plane of immanence, that allows us to define philosophy as an enterprise of demystification (because myth is assimilated to transcendence) or a cult of life (because imma¬nentism is identified with vitalism). Lastly, the other definitions are deduced from the theory of creation or from the ethical image of thought: the denunciation of foolishness presupposes the substitution of the important for the true; the diagnosis of civilisation, a discourse which erases the boundary between the caregiver and the patient; untimely critique, a calling into question of allegedly given problems and allegedly eternal values, as well as a method which is confronted with the tradition on every level. Of course, it is possible to deduce, for example, the critical and clinical aspects of philosophy from the concept of untimeliness. But what about all the definitions that depend on the theory of the concept?
1. Philosophy of Language and Philosophy of Literary Art
The method and history of philosophy constitute the form and matter of creation. However, they do not exhaust it because creation requires certain instruments which have not been examined yet: words. Indeed, the creation of concepts is deployed in the milieu of language and by resorting to a whole ensemble of discursive strategies that must complete the theory of creation. How does the creation of concepts involve a linguistic activity? And how does this activity help characterise a creation which has already been defined as the singularisation and connection of the conceptual components that come from the tradition? Doesn't belonging to the language, even the language of a tradition, to the jargon of a discipline, hinder the process of invention? And conversely, isn't the linguistic com¬munity, the fact of sharing the same language or the same discourse, one of the strongest criteria of identity, such that this kind of a break would imply the erosion of the tradition? On the other hand, we are coming closer than ever to the suspicion of aestheticism: philosophy, creation of concepts by means of theatre personae, would involve a literary labour. Would it be a branch of fantasy literature, as Borges wanted? This is indeed what the preface of Difference and Repetition anticipates: ‘A book of philosophy should be in part a very particular species of detective novel, in part a kind of science fiction.’ In the same way that the history of philosophy Deleuze con¬structs cannot be understood without addressing the philosophy of history, in order to understand the theory of philosophical discourse we have to begin with a study of literature and the philosophy of language.
Taking a text, cases and materials approach, this book remains the main student textbook on European company law, providing valuable insights into the subject and shedding light on its future development. Textboxes for explanatory content, cases and materials – such as EU legislation, official documents and excerpts from scholarly papers – are clearly differentiated from the text, allowing students to quickly identify sources. Each chapter also includes suggestions for further reading. Structured in seven parts, the book explores topics ranging from what European company law is, and the common rules for the establishment, financing and accounting of a company, to corporate governance, the structure of the Societas Europaea Statute, EU company law directives, capital markets and takeover law, and insolvency. The book is an essential resource for the growing number of graduate courses on European company law, European business law, and comparative corporate law.
Edmund Curll is traditionally considered a pornographer, remembered for having been condemned to gaol and the pillory. Here, Pat Rogers looks beyond this ignominious reputation to focus on the specifics of Curll's working methods as a publisher, his relations with the book trade, his sometimes anomalous position with regard to the milieu of Grub Street, his marketing strategies, and his repertoire of misleading bibliographic tricks. In doing so he throws new light on the factors underlying his quarrels with authors, who included Swift, Pope, and Defoe, alongside many others. Also revealed are Curll's previously unexplored dealings with the politics of the City of London, and his complex uses of anonymity. New biographic data and fuller bibliographical enquiries provide the basis for a more reliable documentation of the shape of his extraordinary, if questionable, activity within the context of the eighteenth-century print world.
25 years after the publication of Derrida’s Politics of Friendship (Politiques de l’amitié, 1994), this edited collection gathers 23 critical chapters that revisit this underappreciated text. Engaging closely with Derrida’s text, the contributors analyse, extend and critique the work. They reconsider the place this book occupies in Derrida’s political philosophy and its potential for contemporary politics, when the promises and perils of political friendship have reappeared.
In recent years, speech recognition devices have become central to our everyday lives. Systems such as Siri, Alexa, speech-to-text, and automated telephone services, are built by people applying expertise in sound structure and natural language processing to generate computer programmes that can recognise and understand speech. This exciting new advancement has led to a rapid growth in speech technology courses being added to linguistics programmes; however, there has so far been a lack of material serving the needs of students who have limited or no background in computer science or mathematics. This textbook addresses that need, by providing an accessible introduction to the fundamentals of computer speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition technology, covering both neural and non-neural approaches. It explains the basic concepts in non-technical language, providing step-by-step explanations of each formula, practical activities and ready-made code for students to use, which is also available on an accompanying website.
What is the relationship between economic interdependence, war, and peace? William Mulligan addresses this key question in a major new account of international economic relations and the origins of the First World War. He shows how economic interdependence reshaped power politics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, channelling rivalries into trading and financial relations and constraining states from going to war. However, this reshaping of power relations created new asymmetries of power with winners and losers. And as the losers turned towards the use of military force to compensate for their weaknesses and vulnerabilities, they altered the logic of economic interdependence, which now came to serve the militarisation of European politics, rather than act as a constraint on war. This shift in the logic of economic interdependence was a key pre-condition for the outbreak of war in 1914.
This Element is about Wittgenstein's engagement with skepticism. Two forms of skepticism will be at the center of this Element: skepticism concerning our knowledge of the 'external world,' and skepticism concerning our knowledge of 'other minds.' It will be shown that Wittgenstein is neither a skeptic nor an anti-skeptic. Rather, Wittgenstein thinks of the skeptic's doubt as a form of denial: a denial of knowledge that one cannot but have. The aim of this Element is to bring out what it means to think of the skeptic's doubt in a Wittgensteinian way, that is, as a doubt that manifests a denial of knowledge that one cannot but have, rather than a philosophical position about the possibility of knowledge that is either true or false and hence an object either of justification or refutation. Wittgenstein's relation to skepticism is therefore unique and highly original.
This chapter explores Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community-controlled health services (ACCHOS) and looks at the important role they play in improving health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. It is difficult to understand the Aboriginal community-controlled health sector of today without considering how the sector developed. This chapter therefore outlines the conception and establishment of the services and the political realities facing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people at the time of their commencement. This chapter is organised around a case study of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Service in Brisbane, which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2023. To complement the case study, the chapter includes an overview of the governance structures of the community-controlled sector, as this is an area that can be difficult for health professionals to understand. The scenarios, case studies and reflective questions focus on experiences that nurses and midwives might have working in an Aboriginal community-controlled health service.