Chapter 3 considers how evolving demands for uniformity fit into the cultural norms of political institutions in late antiquity. It uses reports on (supposed) pagans, heretics, Jews, and Samaritans in service to sketch out the contours of those demands in practice. While these exemplary stories cannot be used to substantiate the presence of these groups in administration, they can help us understand when and why the perceived divergence of a ruler’s subordinates from his version of correct religion mattered. Their continued service is, in part, a reflection of the continued capacity of rulers and their subordinates to put requirements for religious uniformity to one side. This chapter argues that it was also a result of the precise framing of those requirements. Late ancient laws tended to portray orthodox Christian officials as necessary to ensure laws on correct religion were enforced. It is easy to see how those heterodox officials willing to uphold a Christian political dispensation could continue to serve in political institutions. In that sense, the appointments of non-Christians and heretics should be seen, not as a breach of requirements for uniformity, but a product of their specific contours.

The chapter describes a case of a 52-year-old female with dizziness and weakness, who was diagnosed with Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS), an acute, immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy affecting the peripheral nerves. The patient’s history, physical examination, and diagnostic results are presented, along with the critical actions taken, including intubation, admission to the ICU, and administration of IV immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. The chapter provides pearls for the initial treatment of GBS, indications for intubation, and the use of succinylcholine. The importance of distinguishing GBS from other causes of weakness is emphasized, and the role of a neurologist in diagnosis and management is highlighted.

This chapter discusses the clinicopathologic features of a unique subgroup of aggressive B-cell lymphoma with plasmablastic morphology and immunophenotype, including plasmablastic lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, KSHV/HHV8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and ALK-positive large B-cell lymphoma. The differential diagnosis among these entities and their key immunophenotypic features, particularly using multiparametric flow cytometric analysis, are compared and highlighted in detail. Differential diagnosis with other unrelated malignant neoplasms such as plasmablastic plasma cell myeloma, immunoblastic variant of DLBCL, non-hematopoietic neoplasms, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and several other benign and malignant diseases/conditions resembling diagnostic mimics and pitfalls are also discussed.

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a serious pathologic condition that occurs when the cauda equina nerve roots are compressed. As illustrated in this case, it can present with various signs and symptoms, including low back pain, sciatica, motor weakness, sensory loss, bladder and/or bowel dysfunction, and saddle anesthesia. It is most often caused by lumbar disk herniation, but can also be caused by malignancy, epidural spinal abscess, localized hematoma, or vascular malformations. The key to making this diagnosis is having a high index of suspicion through information obtained in the history and physical. The treating emergency physician should have a high index of suspicion for CES in any patient presenting with low back pain and urinary retention. MRI is the gold standard for diagnosis; it should be obtained urgently when history and physical examination suggest CES. As emergency physicians prepare for their oral board examination, they should consider analgesia, appropriate neurologic, urogenital, and rectal examinations, MRI, and emergent neurosurgical consultation to all be critical actions.

Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly nonlinear dynamics is the subject of much research.

This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid’s behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows.

Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis.

This monograph’s unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.

Traditional marriage was a transaction between two families, negotiated by a matchmaker. Through the Mao era, marriage remained focused on reproducing the ancestral line, but new ideas of love and free choice of partner gained ground. The chapter examines the supernatural practices that established the compatibility of a potential couple, the transfer of the bride to her husband’s house, the bride’s laments, and other practices. The chapter analyses beliefs and practices around fertility, including taboos around female pollution. The 1950 Marriage Law sought to eliminate ‘feudal’ aspects of traditional marriage and there was resistance to it in rural areas, especially over its divorce provisions. Significant change took place, evinced in the rise in the average age of marriage and a decline in female infanticide. Marriage registration became the norm in towns and grew steadily in the countryside, providing something akin to a wedding ceremony. The chapter explores CCP efforts to promote companionate marriage whilst stressing the duties of a couple to the collective. It ends with the drive to eliminate extravagance from weddings.

This is a case of a 50-year-old female with complicated diverticulitis. Using a case-based approach to review, this chapter helps the student review the critical actions in diagnosing and treating diverticulitis in the emergency department. It includes history and physical exam findings, as well as laboratory and imaging results typical of the condition. It makes the learner aware of potential pitfalls and complications.

Compares Stanford and UC Berkeley to illustrate how dynamic capabilities shape institutional trajectories. Examines differences in governance, funding, culture, and leadership. Highlights how Stanford’s proactive engagement with industry led to its rise, while Berkeley’s slower adoption of entrepreneurial practices posed challenges.

This chapter examines the United Nations system, its purposes and principles in the light of the UN Charter. The organs of the UN are analysed, covering the role and composition of the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the UN Secretariat. The UN’s judicial organ, the International Court of Justice, was examined in the previous chapter. The functions of the UN and its organs with regard to the peaceful settlement of disputes are considered, including the various peacekeeping missions. This is followed by an examination of the collective security system by the Security Council and General Assembly, including a consideration of measures not involving the use of force, such as the imposition of sanctions, and measures involving the use of force under Chapter VII of the Charter. The doctrine of responsibility to protect and humanitarian intervention by the UN is examined, followed by a look at practice concerning the various UN operations involving the use of force in non-enforcement situations. The chapter then examines the relationship between the UN and regional arrangements and agencies.

We give a brief, incomplete, and idiosyncratic review of the early years of supergravity in superspace.

The key algebraic invariants for our purposes are the fundamental groups of the spaces involved, the torsion linking pairing on the 3-manifold and the Euler characteristic of the complementary regions. In this chapter we shall review the basic constraints on these invariants and describe the construction by 0-framed surgery on bipartitedly slice links, from which many of our examples derive.

Settling in Boston’s North End, Bieral became a “fancy man” in the city’s brothels, embodying the violent masculinity of urban vice culture. His relationship with Mary Anne McAllister, culminating in her suspicious death, reveals the precarious lives of sex workers and the impunity of their male protectors. The chapter examines Boston’s tolerance for nonlethal violence and the legal leniency afforded to men like Bieral. His involvement in extortion, political intimidation, and brothel management illustrates the blurred lines between public service and criminal enterprise. Bieral’s rise in the underworld reflects the societal valorization of aggression and the limited protections for marginalized women.