Contemporary analytic philosophers of religion have tended to focus attention on epistemological questions about the grounds for religious belief, or on analysing the precise cognitive content of claims about God. But there is reason to suppose that the actual practice of religion depends less on intellectual inquiries of this sort and more on a lived tradition of observance, including participation in various kinds of ritual, and public and private acts of worship. This chapter, drawing on some attitudes manifest in the poetry of Horace, examines what may have been a prevalent approach to religion in the educated Roman world, involving conformity to religious praxis, combined with an ironic or sceptical attitude to the existence of supernatural forces, or the power or influence of the gods, in human affairs. Such an attitude certainly has its counterpart in our own contemporary culture, but it is argued that such a stance inevitably creates a certain psychological dissonance in the religious practitioner. Detached orthopraxy alone cannot satisfy our deepest human needs. The chapter concludes with reflections on the intimate relation between praxis and belief in matters of religion.

This chapter provides comprehensive guidance on the critical final stages of manuscript preparation, focusing on the iterative processes of proofreading, revising, and editing academic papers. It outlines systematic approaches for improving manuscript clarity, coherence, and technical accuracy at multiple levels – from broad structural concerns to fine-grained language details. Additionally, it covers crucial aspects of the publication process, from selecting appropriate journals to handling reviewer comments and managing final proof edits. The chapter concludes with valuable insights on maintaining persistence through the publication process while acknowledging that rejection can be part of pursuing innovative research.

China had a long tradition of religiously inspired rebellion, and this chapter explores the ways in which folk religion fed into different forms of resistance in the Mao era. Popular protest in the Mao era was greater than has been assumed, but it was socio-economic and small-scale in characters, which did not prevent participants from believing that their protests had the blessing of the gods. It begins by looking at very low-level forms of resistance such as jokes as a way of lampooning authority; it goes on to explore the efforts of spirit mediums and others to stand up to authority in defence of folk religion, especially following the famine (1959–61) when people blamed disaster on the fact that they had denied the change to make sacrifices to the gods. Planned, organized rebellion was rare and was closely tied to the remnants of the redemptive religious societies. The chapter ends by looking at attempts by ordinary people to make themselves emperors and at millenarian risings, notably the Catholic rebellion in the Taiyuan region in 1965.

Indigenous Australians have thrived on the continent of Australia for at least 65,000 years. This history demonstrates a relationality to which few cultures maintain or link their cultural practices. For Indigenous Australians, everything is connected. No individual person exists in isolation.The invasion and colonisation of Australia had a colossal impact on the Australian continent. The land has been transformed and damaged in the name of profit, progress and nation-building. Successive governments have supported an extraction-based economy that focuses on stripping resources from the land and ignoring Indigenous Australians’ knowledge about how to care for Country. Despite this, Indigenous Australians continue to hold intricate, sacred and nuanced knowledges of Country and respect the way Country has nurtured and supported our ways of knowing, being and doing for millennia.

The July Crisis spanned just over five weeks, separating the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, on 28 June 1914 from Britain’s declaration of war on 4 August. In the vast scholarship on the July Crisis, commercial and financial issues have received relatively little attention. This absence reflects the character of the July crisis, in which the key actors were a small number of men, in the chancelleries, foreign ministries, and general staffs of Serbia and the great powers. The crisis affected markets from early July in Vienna, but panic across European markets set in on Monday, 20 July, three days before the delivery of the ultimatum. In contrast to crises in September 1911 and autumn 1912, collapsing financial markets and rising food prices did not restrain leaders. Indeed, perceptions of opponents’ financial and commercial vulnerabilities led leaders, particularly in Berlin and Vienna, to adopt more assertive diplomatic and military strategies. This chapter examines why the July crisis culminated in great power war in contrast to previous crises.

The chapter describes a case of a 28-year-old male with pain in the anal region, a history of Crohn’s disease, and a prior similar episode requiring surgery in the ED. The patient is examined, and it is found that he has an uncomplicated perianal abscess. The chapter details the primary and secondary surveys, history, action taken, results, diagnosis, critical actions, and pearls associated with perirectal abscesses. The critical actions include thorough examination, incision and drainage, and follow-up management. The chapter concludes by stating that antibiotics are not necessary unless the patient exhibits systemic involvement.

An assessment of the metal tools available for working wood and stonework contributes tangible evidence to overarching questions about Mycenaean construction and significantly augments previous publications on Mycenaean tools. Implement patterns raise questions about tool availability, artisan status and mobility, and the administrative oversight of stonework.

This chapter explores Bieral’s ascent in Boston’s sporting world, particularly in boxing and gambling. As a pugilist and promoter, he gained notoriety and respect among working-class men, leveraging his physical prowess and entrepreneurial acumen. The narrative situates prizefighting within a broader culture of honor and individualism, where violence served as both entertainment and social currency. Bieral’s transition from fighter to promoter and casino operator marks his evolution into a figure of influence. The chapter underscores the role of sport in legitimizing urban masculinity and the economic structures that sustained vice industries, revealing how athletic fame often overlapped with criminality.

This chapter provides an overview of major theoretical approaches to morphosyntax in second language acquisition. The chapter starts with an overview of major data collection measures that are used to study morphosyntactic phenomena, including production data, judgment data, and online tasks, self-paced reading in particular. The applications and limitations of the different data collection measures are addressed. The chapter subsequently considers the debate between representational deficit approaches vs. missing surface inflection approaches to difficulties with inflectional morphology in the second language, examining these approaches in the domain of verbal inflection. The chapter then moves on to approaches that consider feature reassembly and morphological (in)congruency and discusses studies in these two frameworks in the domain of number marking on nominals. The chapter concludes with a summary and suggestions for future research.

From the Socialist Education Movement onwards, folk religion specialists – now classed as ‘superstition professionals’ (akin to ‘religious professionals’) -- were targeted for re-education. Spirit mediums were singled out because of their number and their central role in healing. This was the prelude to the Four Olds Campaign inaugurated by the Cultural Revolution in 1966, when religious sites were destroyed and religious specialists came under attack from Red Guards, despite the fact that ‘religion’ was never named as one of the ‘four olds’. Two features of Cultural Revolution politics are explored: the use of iconoclasm – especially in relation to the Confucius Temple in Qufu; and the attempt to ‘revolutionize the environment’, which entailed renaming streets, shops, and consumer items, and painting buildings red. It ends with the fitful Campaign to Criticize Confucius and Lin Biao (1973–6), which engaged the rural and urban populace in a polemical critique of some simple Confucian texts.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a tick-borne illness that peaks in the summer months. Classic presentation includes tick bite followed by fever, rash, nausea, vomiting, and headache. The classic maculopapular rash starts around the ankles and wrists then spreads toward the feet, legs, arms, hands, and torso. This rash can coalesce and become petechial with time. Historically, the rash starts several days after the fever. Classic laboratory findings include hyponatremia, thrombocytopenia, and transaminitis. Management with doxycycline or, less commonly, chloramphenicol, is imperative to treatment. Doxycycline can provide greater tick-borne coverage and decreases mortality. Chloramphenicol should only be used when doxycycline is contraindicated. It is crucial to elicit travel to an endemic area and participating in activity that might place a person in close contact with ticks, especially since people might not provide a history of tick bites.

The poverty of the stimulus in the domain of language refers to the gap between the knowledge of grammar attained and the knowledge that could be deduced on the basis of the available linguistic input. Within the Generative Enterprise, the notion of the poverty of the stimulus plays a critical role in the motivation for positing Universal Grammar, a set of innate cognitive principles restricting the range of possible human grammars. This chapter first considers the poverty of the stimulus in the acquisition of native language and then turns to the poverty of the stimulus in the acquisition of nonnative language; both sections review a number of empirical studies documenting language acquisition under conditions of a poverty of the stimulus. For nonnative language, examples are drawn from research on morphosyntax, the syntax-semantics interface, and phonology. These studies reveal that nonnative learners (can) come to acquire subtle linguistic properties which could not be deduced (i) from their native-language grammar, (ii) from the Target Language input available to them or (iii) from classroom instruction.

The chapter describes a case of a 45-year-old female with type I diabetes who presented with severe diffuse abdominal pain for a day, fevers on and off since yesterday, and persistent nausea with vomiting. The physical exam revealed a mildly distended, diffusely tender abdomen, decreased bowel sounds, and rebound and guarding. The patient was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis and urinary tract infection and was treated with IV fluid bolus, insulin drip, antibiotics, and ICU admission. The chapter provides pearls on the diagnosis and management of abdominal pain, including the importance of early blood glucose assessment, fluid replacement, insulin drip, and ICU admission for DKA, and early antibiotics, fluids, and surgical consultation for peritoneal signs.

A reconstruction of the theoretical developments that led to supergravity.