This chapter discusses the diverse immunophenotypic features of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mutated TP53. It also addresses immunophenotypic shifts that may occur over the course of the disease.

The case of bilingualism is a challenge for psycholinguists who aim to understand how the two (or more) languages of a bilingual are represented in the brain, whether they are organized similarly and how bilinguals manage to keep their languages apart. We first review studies that investigate the organization of the two languages in the brain and whether they interfere with each other during access to the lexicon and syntactic representations. In the second part of the chapter, we report neurolinguistic studies that examine cognitive processes and neural perspectives in monolinguals and bilinguals, with a special focus on factors that may influence bilingual language processing such as proficiency and age of acquisition. Finally, in the third part of the chapter we present theories on L2 processing and discuss the studies presented earlier in relation to these theories. In addition, we have extended the sections on lexical access in sentence context and syntactic processing by including recent studies that reflect the flourishing interest for bilinguals’ ability to predict upcoming words online during sentence comprehension.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is weakness in the wall of the aorta that causes dilation of the vessel. The dilation causes increased pressure at the wall, increasing the rate of stretch until a leak occurs. This condition tends to progress slowly over years, and the risk of rupture increases with the diameter of the vessel. The case highlights presentation of a patient who has an acute rupture and identifies risk factors for AAA, such as male gender and a significant smoking history. Elderly patients with back or flank pain should be evaluated for AAA. Hematuria is also common in patients with ruptured AAA, which can lead to the incorrect diagnosis of nephrolithiasis. Important early actions including administering IV fluids if hypotensive, obtaining a bedside ultrasound (US), consulting surgery, and advocating for the patient to go to the operating room are critical for management of aortic aneurysm. Bedside US is the preferred modality for imaging as it is technically adequate has close to 100% sensitivity for demonstrating an AAA.

This chapter traces the early life of Louis Bieral, born in 1814 in Valparaíso, Chile, amid revolutionary upheaval. It explores his ambiguous racial and familial origins and the violent political culture of post-independence Chile, which shaped his understanding of masculinity and authority. Bieral’s exposure to maritime life and urban vice in Valparaíso foreshadowed his later immersion in New York’s underworld. His alleged kidnapping by a whaling captain and subsequent servitude in Brooklyn illustrate the porous boundaries between freedom and coercion in antebellum America. The chapter situates Bieral’s formative years within broader themes of race, labor, and violence, emphasizing the social structures that normalized physical domination and racial ambiguity.

Moving to California during the Gold Rush, Bieral found himself in a frontier society defined by lawlessness, racial tension, and economic ambition. The chapter examines his possible involvement in violent incidents and his association with notorious figures in San Francisco’s Barbary Coast. Bieral’s return to Boston and legal name change reflected his desire for reinvention and racial reclassification amid rising nativism and the Fugitive Slave Act. His story illustrates the fluidity of identity and the strategic use of whiteness in navigating legal and social hierarchies. California’s chaotic environment provides an extreme example of a society run by bullies in antebellum America.

A personal recollection of the first few years of Supergravity and the journey that followed.

This chapter analyses the Ocean Acidification Alliance (OAA) against five elements of global experimentalist governance. The OAA, launched in 2016 by Pacific Coast governments, comprises over 145 members addressing ocean acidification. Evaluating the five elements reveals: (1) A shared problem exists – members agree on OA definition and causes; (2) Open-ended goals are present – six framework objectives like ‘reduce CO2 emissions’ with provisional, loosely worded targets; (3) Delegation occurs – members create Action Plans with discretion to experiment, although delegation is not solely to lower levels; (4) Feedback and peer review are limited – information sharing occurs through webinars and meetings but lacks systematic reporting on specific metrics; (5) Goal adjustment is possible – goals and metrics can evolve based on scientific findings and member experiences. A key limitation is that metrics lack specificity, undermining systematic reporting and peer-review cycles essential to experimentalist governance. No penalty default exists due to voluntary membership. While the OAA exhibits features of experimentalist governance, the absence of concrete metrics weakens the recursive learning process. Future metric development could enhance the implementation of experimentalist governance within this voluntary, multilevel climate coalition.

A total of 85% of all diarrhea is infectious diarrhea, usually secondary to either bacterial or viral causes. Enteroinvasive diarrhea is a subset of infectious diarrhea where there is damage to the intestinal mucosa. Moderate to severe dehydration characterized by dry mucous membranes, low pressure, or tachycardia will benefit from isotonic fluid repletion. Severe cases are marked by fever, bloody diarrhea, or a toxic appearance, and antibiotic therapy should be considered in these patients. Fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, or rifaximin are all antibiotic choices, depending on a patient’s particular risk factors. Stool cultures should be part of the work-up for both treatment and diagnosis in infectious diarrhea, particularly in patients with a positive travel history or those who are immunocompromised or febrile or have severe, persistent abdominal pain. Special populations include those who have had recent antibiotic use and pediatric patients. If patients have been on antibiotics recently, C. difficileinfection should be considered. In pediatric populations, antibiotics should be carefully considered as pediatric patients are more likely to develop hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura when they are started on antibiotics.

Before we can talk about how we learn, use, and lose language, we need to define what it is, and what it isn’t. Over the centuries, many people have attempted to describe language. In this chapter was ask: what is language? This is a simple enough question although the answer is much more complicated, and intriguing, than it seems at first. The question of “what is language?” isn’t something we can just sum up in a single pithy sentence. Language is a system of communication, but it’s so much more than that. Language is multi-faceted. It involves signs and symbols, smaller and bigger segments, dialects and accents, and also writing and signing. This chapter serves as a primer to introduce us to the basic underlying principles of language sceince, so we can now talk the talk.

The epilogue explores how later Greeks understood the notable Mycenaean remains from the regions under study and probes why, during the post-Bronze Age, Tiryns was much celebrated while Mycenae’s reputation was deliberately suppressed.

The chapter discusses the diagnosis and critical actions for acute chest syndrome in patients. For acute chest syndrome, administration of oxygen, IV pain medications, and antibiotics are critical actions. Obtaining a CXR is key in this case, and albuterol should be given in patients with bronchospasm. Painful crises that are not typical of the patient’s usual symptoms should elicit a search for more serious complications of sickle cell disease.

This case concerns a patient with a spontaneous nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage while on anticoagulation. Learners will have to determine the cause of the patient’s altered mental status using clues from the history and physical, order the applicable imaging and laboratory testing, and initiate the appropriate management of this condition. In addition, the patient’s use of anticoagulants and declining mental status will test learners’ knowledge of anticoagulation reversal and airway management.

In this book, various techniques for accelerating and reducing the cost of deep neural networks have been introduced. The fundamental strategies can be categorized into two approaches: compressing the redundancy that develops after training, and employing architectures that inherently suppress redundancy from the beginning.

Chapter 1 offers an overview of the larger themes addressed by the book, focusing on the question of contingency and how letters can be considered as literary ‘works’. The chapter argues that chance or happenstance itself governs letters and letter-writing both in material and in affective or conceptual ways. It proposes that the ‘radical contingency’ of letters can be said to set them apart from literary works more specifically conceived, in the sense that the latter do not generally and in principle hold a primary or formative connection with the specific events surrounding their composition. The chapter argues that the question of contingency connects with Keats’s governing ideas about life – with what he repeatedly refers to in his letters as life’s ‘circumstances’, ‘chance’, or ‘accidents’.

Research is important in the creation of new knowledge or as a way of understanding phenomena. This chapter primarily concerns quantitative research. The chapter begins with a discussion about quantitative research and Indigenous peoples in context to provide an overview of the vexed discussion of methodological approaches advocated in Indigenous research. This is followed by an overview of Indigenous quantitative research in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander context, including what is defined as research and the key differences between research methodology and methods. The authors then introduce concepts of Indigenous quantitative research practices and include a case study on the Yawuru wellbeing framework to illuminate how methodology affects research and therefore understanding. The final section describes participatory action research as an appropriate methodology when conducting research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia, and looks at how appropriate quantitative methods can contribute to new knowledge and understanding through the case study of an Aboriginal Ranger in Central Australia.