Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly nonlinear dynamics is the subject of much research.

This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid’s behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows.

Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis.

This monograph’s unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.

Chapter 8 is the third of four chapters to consider one element of the Dominican liturgy, focussing here on the sources and unique characteristics of the Dominican divine office. Drawing on data from previous studies of the office, and in particular of office responsory chants, this chapter positions the Dominican office within a wider network of liturgical traditions. The Dominican office was clearly adopted by the Teutonic Knights, the Crosiers, and in certain Scandinavian dioceses. The source for the Dominican office is less [clear-cut]. Some traits of the Dominican office can also be observed in the advent responsories of the Cistercians and of British cathedrals, and in the responsory verses in office books from Provence; these may either have been sources for the Dominican office, or they may have shared a common source. The chapter concludes by noting distinctive features of the Dominican office and its books, for the purposes of facilitating identification of other Dominican office books.

This chapter explores the worldview of individuals who reject religion but, rather than placing their faith in science (scientism), put it in humanity, embracing the humanities and culture, and affirming that human beings are persons born free and equal in dignity and rights.

This chapter covers a case of an ambiguous septic patient presenting with altered mental status. Sepsis is a common and life-threatening encounter faced by all emergency physicians. The management and timely treatment of sepsis, as well as recognition of the consequences of severe sepsis, is of utmost importance in emergency medicine. This case ensures that the emergency medicine physician does a full history and physical to find the culprit cause of sepsis as well as how to handle a rare and difficult acquired bleeding disorder that can occur with septic shock.

Ocean acidification is a significant but under-recognised climate impact where oceans absorb CO2, leading to a 30–40 per cent decrease in pH since pre-industrial times. This poses a threat to marine ecosystems and food webs, as calcifying organisms such as oysters and corals struggle to build their shells, while non-calcifying species face behavioural changes. Despite an increasing amount of scientific literature, OA receives minimal attention from social sciences and lacks international governance. The book explores how OA should be governed, mapping the governance landscape as a regime complex involving multiple actors and instruments. It proposes global experimentalist governance as suitable for addressing the complexity of OA, examining case studies of the OA Alliance and the International Maritime Organization. The research finds that while OA is framed as a climate change effect needing holistic responses, including mitigation, adaptation, and resilience measures, current governance remains fragmented, with limited coordination among relevant international frameworks.

Inertial Effects for a Rigid Body. The primary focus is description of the angular momentum of a rigid body, and the laws and associated rotational equations of motion that relate this quantity to the forces that are exerted. The opening treatment of a system of particles leads to identification of the basic laws. The first example explains why a moment is required to change the orientation of a rotation axis. These concepts are extended to general rigid bodies and naturally lead to definitions for moments of inertia and products of inertia, followed by a discussion of the physical significance of these properties. Systems that execute a variety of rotations are the subject of examples, in which physical explanations are provided for the analytical results. The chapter closes with treatment of rigid bodies moving freely. Axisymmetric bodies, such as a projectile in flight, are treated first. The following treatment discusses asymmetric bodies, such as a block. The “tennis racket” theorem is derived. The chapter ends with application of computational tools, both mathematical and graphical, that provide a description of the overall rotation of asymmetric bodies.

Referring to the medical model of frenzy sketched out in the first two chapters, Chapter 3 explores the metaphysical problems which it caused. The model’s insistence on the total dependence of the mind on the brain, it argues, placed pressure on a Christian cosmology in which ‘flesh’ and ‘spirit’ were supposed to be fully separable. Frenzy forced contemporaries to ask how it was possible for the human mind – made in the ‘image of God’ – to be impaired by organic disease. For most early modern Christians, the mind was a part of the soul, and this soul was immaterial, incorruptible, and immortal. Frenzy gave the impression that it invaded every part of the person, but this impression was false. The soul had to be immune to brain disease. This chapter examines the ancient roots of this problem, and examines how early modern England’s preachers, physicians, and philosophers attempted to solve it.

This is a case of newly diagnosed myasthenia gravis (MG). MG is an autoimmune disease where there is a marked decrease in the number and function of muscle fiber acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) due to autoantibodies. It is characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, especially of proximal extremity, facial, and bulbar muscles. Ptosis and diplopia are also common presenting symptoms. During a myasthenic crisis, respiratory failure can occur due to extreme weakness in the muscles of respiration. A detailed history and physical examination are key to making the clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis is confirmed with bedside edrophonium testing. One must recognize that edrophonium testing may potentially cause profound respiratory weakness, and one must be prepared to provide ventilatory support. Depolarizing and nondepolarizing agents should be avoided, or used at half dose, since MG patients are extremely sensitive to these. MG treatment may involve administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (pyridostigmine or neostigmine), corticosteroids, plasma exchange, IV immunoglobulin, or thymectomy.

The Balkans Wars (1912–13) reshaped the European political order before the First World War. The victory of the Balkan League posed a particular challenge to Austria-Hungary. Berchtold sought to manage Serbian expansion through closer economic relations, but Belgrade rebuffed his proposal. Lacking the tools of economic statecraft to manage political change in the Balkans, Austro-Hungarian leaders began to turn towards the use of militarised diplomacy, ultimatums baced by threats of force, in 1913. The costs of the Balkan Wars opened the space for competition between French and German financial diplomacy. Despite some bankers’ efforts to collaborate, French and German governments directed loans towards their favoured states in the Balkans. The Balkan states also challenged international transport conventions in the name of nation-state sovereingty. The result of the Balkan Wars was a hardening of the alliance blocks, the instrumentalisation of economic interdependence for diplomatic and security interests, and the weakening of Austria-Hungary, whose political leaders increasingly saw military force as a solution to challenges in the Balkans.

A number of miscellaneous nodal and extranodal mature NK/T-cell lymphomas that are not included in other chapters are discussed in this chapter. Entities include peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS), nodal EBV+ NK/T-cell lymphoma, primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome, intestinal T-cell lymphoma (enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma and monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma), and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma. The discussion focuses on the immunophenotypic features of each entity and how they aid in differential diagnosis.