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12003 results in Cambridge Handbooks

Page 579 of 601

  • Chapter 12 - Object Use, Communication, and Signs

  • from Part III - From orientation to meaning
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 257-276

  • Summary

    Language acquisition is seen as having a plurality of functions that are themselves linked to a plurality of contexts beyond language without which its uses could not be understood. This chapter explains how the pragmatic perspective was introduced in early Cognitive development through the acquisition of language. In the study of early infancy, it is very common for objects to be treated as natural signs that lead to "natural and direct interpretations. The chapter discusses the Bruner's work in the 1970s, influenced by the philosophers of the linguistic turn. He introduced the idea of "pragmatic opportunism" which humans use when solving problems. Based on the work on triadic adult-infant-object interaction, the chapter highlights the importance of longitudinal, microgenetic and qualitative research, based on the processes of construction. The Peircien approach, which allows for the inclusion of objects and their uses within a semiotic reading, is also discussed.

  • Chapter 10 - Acts of Psyche

  • from Part III - From orientation to meaning
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 205-237

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on the historical socio-cultural processes of producing psychological theories, and most specifically theories of a socio-cultural kind. Psychology is a consequence of situated activities and thus the knowledge it offers is subordinated to a process of continuous cultural and historical transformation. The chapter describes how human rationality gets shaped in a socio-historical spiral, focusing on how culture establishes and distributes levels of self-reflection about human action. An analysis of the emergence of psychological theories about the socio-cultural phenomenon follows. The chapter then explains how multidisciplinary heritage produced current psychological approaches to socio-cultural phenomena. The sociocultural network of contents, reasons, and meanings, which shape subjectivity and permit to make sense of human activity is examined. Finally, the chapter argues that human behavior involves an activity oriented towards establishing the meaning of experiencing.

  • Chapter 31 - Social and Cognitive Determinants of Collective Memory for Public Events1

  • from Part VII - Making sense of the past for the future: memory and self-reflection
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 625-644

  • Summary

    This chapter explores young children's conversations as a unique linguistic, social, and cultural phenomenon, by investigating the relative salience, contexts, affordances, structures, and functions of conversation in preschoolers' peer interactions. It reviews the developmental perspective of child-language study and socio-cultural perspective of sociolinguistics and ethnography. The chapter then draws on both in analyzing naturally occurring peer conversations of young Israeli children. The socio-cultural perspective on children's conversations brings to the fore the culturally filtered nature of conversational skills, emphasizing that the specific definition of the scope of normative conversational performance is culture-sensitive and often reflects or echoes underlying cultural norms and ethos. The chapter focuses on initiation and engagement patterns and on the linguistic and topical characteristics of each segment of the interactions to demonstrate the ways preschoolers gradually move from activity-related talk to independent conversations. Then, it discusses the rare cases of non-activity-related talk in preschool peer interaction.

  • Chapter 30 - The Dialogical Self

  • from Part VI - From social culture to personal culture
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 608-622

  • Summary

    This chapter attempts a contribution to the development of such a promising theory relating to a dialogical self, in the tradition initiated by Hermans and his collaborators. It clarifies the basic axiomatic assumptions of dialogism, in order to create a tool for a critical analysis of the dialogical self-theory. The chapter discusses with some reflections about the structural elements of a dialogical self-description and its dynamics, especially its hierarchical organization. In order to build a dialogical perspective about psychological phenomena, one should probably take into account that (1) the psychological realm is brought to being through the dialogical properties of our existence, and (2) dialogicality is deeply rooted in a given cultural context. A dialogical self is a difficult task for a science that highly values a disengaged subject with rational properties within a society that is still largely formatted by individualistic values.

  • Chapter 2 - Language, Cognition, Subjectivity

  • from Part I - Theoretical and methodological issues
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 40-61

  • Summary

    This chapter addresses how do language, cognition, and subjectivity relate each other. Language is constitutive of the speaking animal's being-in-the world, or in less philosophical terms, language is constitutive of humans' position or situation in the world. Since the early 20th century, cultural differences between languages have been a major topic of scientific debate in linguistics, anthropology, and psychology. The chapter explains some of the theoretical and methodical domains, which currently set much of social and cultural psychology's agenda. It focuses on the relation between language and culture with respect to discourse analysis, theory of social representations, and metaphor analysis. The chapter provides suggestions for cultural psychology's core research aims and research practice. It argues that cultural psychology, needs to clearly dissociate from an objectivistic-naturalistic, a historical understanding of its objects and of itself in order to value the originality of human creations.

  • General Conclusions: Socio-Cultural Psychology on the Move

  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 692-708

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the relationship between children and money in developmental psychology researches. It summarizes the four maxims of developmental psychology for money. First, it is not predicated on the homo economics as rational economic decision-makers. Second, in analyzing children's understanding and knowledge of money, such understanding and knowledge should be always discussed in association with children's life-world, instead of separating from it. Third, it is not predicated on a neutral money goods exchange system in market economy, but should be analyzed in the social context with its own cultures and histories. Fourth, developmental psychology for money inquires how children would appropriate money as a cultural tool and change their participation in their societies through the appropriation. The chapter explores how they would form new culture through implementation of such activities, instead of inquiring how children would understand money as a neutral tool which functions in a market economy system.

  • Chapter 5 - The Windowless Room

  • from Part II - From nature to culture
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 109-123

  • Summary

    Mediationism extends across two contrasting approaches to theory in psychology, namely, the dominant tradition of individualistic, cognitive theory, and the too loyal "opposition" consisting of various alternative approaches. Within cognitive psychology, mediationism has primarily taken the form of representationalism: the appeal to internal rules and representations as a necessary and sufficient basis for explanation within human psychology. The dualisms of matter and mind and of biology and culture are institutionalized in the very structure of modern academic disciplines. Some of the most influential current approaches within social psychology are frank extensions of individualistic cognitive theory to the interpersonal realm, and so it is hardly surprising that representationalism figures centrally in both. The curious thing about the windowless room of mediationism is that there are so many ways of getting into it. Taking note of those different ways is an important first step towards getting over mediationism.

  • Chapter 21 - The Creation of New Cultures in Peer Interaction

  • from Part V - From society to the person through culture
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 444-459

  • Summary

    Language acquisition is seen as having a plurality of functions that are themselves linked to a plurality of contexts beyond language without which its uses could not be understood. This chapter explains how the pragmatic perspective was introduced in early Cognitive development through the acquisition of language. In the study of early infancy, it is very common for objects to be treated as natural signs that lead to "natural and direct interpretations. The chapter discusses the Bruner's work in the 1970s, influenced by the philosophers of the linguistic turn. He introduced the idea of "pragmatic opportunism" which humans use when solving problems. Based on the work on triadic adult-infant-object interaction, the chapter highlights the importance of longitudinal, microgenetic and qualitative research, based on the processes of construction. The Peircien approach, which allows for the inclusion of objects and their uses within a semiotic reading, is also discussed.

  • Chapter 3 - Psychology within Time

  • from Part I - Theoretical and methodological issues
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 62-81

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on the historical socio-cultural processes of producing psychological theories, and most specifically theories of a socio-cultural kind. Psychology is a consequence of situated activities and thus the knowledge it offers is subordinated to a process of continuous cultural and historical transformation. The chapter describes how human rationality gets shaped in a socio-historical spiral, focusing on how culture establishes and distributes levels of self-reflection about human action. An analysis of the emergence of psychological theories about the socio-cultural phenomenon follows. The chapter then explains how multidisciplinary heritage produced current psychological approaches to socio-cultural phenomena. The sociocultural network of contents, reasons, and meanings, which shape subjectivity and permit to make sense of human activity is examined. Finally, the chapter argues that human behavior involves an activity oriented towards establishing the meaning of experiencing.

  • Chapter 15 - Analysis of Cultural Emotion

  • from Part IV - Symbolic resources for the constitution of experience
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 318-342

  • Summary

    This chapter examines the concept of communication traditionally and currently used in the field of ethology. It describes a few landmarks in the evolution of communication in the different species, paying particular on the mechanisms that regulate these features since this is where the levels of progressive complexity of processing are found. The different modalities of communication have evolved to serve the general function of regulating the (social) behavior of each species within its own ecological niche. The emergence of birds and mammals was accompanied by a reorganization of perceptive systems, which were for the first-time centralized in the brain. The chapter focuses on communication in primates, and in particular the anthropoids, since these animals make use of forms of communication very close to those of humans. Finally, the chapter focuses on describes the sign created by the hominid mind in order to facilitate communication between minds.

  • Chapter 27 - The thalamic intralaminar nuclei and the property of consciousness

  • from Part II - The neuroscience of consciousness
  • Edited by Philip David Zelazo, University of Toronto, Morris Moscovitch, University of Toronto, Evan Thompson, University of York
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    14 May 2007, pp -

  • Summary

    This chapter is devoted to reviewing some aspects of thalamic structure and function as they may contribute to making small fractions of mentation momentarily conscious, with particular emphasis on those thalamic constituents sometimes called non-specific. It offers a brief discussion of usages of the word consciousness and a few explicit assumptions about neuronal activity patterns (NAPs). The chapter employs a philosophically technical usage, following Wimsatt, who contrasts emergent with aggregative. The idea that consciousness is generated independently in different places is supported by the finding that color and motion occurring at the same time can sometimes be perceived at different times. The chapter's hypothesis suggests that for some content represented by neuronal activity pattern in cortex to be endowed with consciousness, there must be a connection between the intralaminar nuclei (ILN) and the region(s) of cortex containing those NAPs.

Page 579 of 601